Note
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Flame Speed with Convergence Analysis#
Requires: cantera >= 3.0.0, matplotlib >= 2.0, pandas
In this example we simulate a freely-propagating, adiabatic, 1-D flame and
Calculate its laminar burning velocity
Estimate the uncertainty in the laminar burning velocity calculation due to grid size.
The figure below illustrates the setup, in a flame-fixed co-ordinate system. The reactants enter with density \(\rho_u\), temperature \(T_u\) and speed \(S_u\). The products exit the flame at speed \(S_b\), density \(\rho_b\), and temperature \(T_b\).
Import Modules#
import cantera as ct
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import matplotlib
import scipy
import scipy.optimize
Define plotting preference#
plt.style.use("ggplot")
plt.style.use("seaborn-v0_8-deep")
plt.rcParams["figure.constrained_layout.use"] = True
Estimate uncertainty from grid size and speeds#
def extrapolate_uncertainty(grids, speeds, plot=True):
"""
Given a list of grid sizes and a corresponding list of flame speeds,
extrapolate and estimate the uncertainty in the final flame speed.
Also makes a plot, unless called with `plot=False`.
"""
grids = list(grids)
speeds = list(speeds)
def speed_from_grid_size(grid_size, true_speed, error):
"""
Given a grid size (or an array or list of grid sizes)
return a prediction (or array of predictions)
of the computed flame speed, based on
the parameters `true_speed` and `error`.
It seems, from experience, that error scales roughly with
1/grid_size, so we assume that form.
"""
return true_speed + error / np.array(grid_size)
# Fit the chosen form of speed_from_grid_size, to the last four
# speed and grid size values.
popt, pcov = scipy.optimize.curve_fit(speed_from_grid_size, grids[-4:], speeds[-4:])
# How bad the fit was gives you some error, `percent_error_in_true_speed`.
perr = np.sqrt(np.diag(pcov))
true_speed_estimate = popt[0]
percent_error_in_true_speed = perr[0] / popt[0]
print(
f"Fitted true_speed is {popt[0] * 100:.4f} ± {perr[0] * 100:.4f} cm/s "
f"({percent_error_in_true_speed:.1%})"
)
# How far your extrapolated infinite grid value is from your extrapolated
# (or interpolated) final grid value, gives you some other error, `estimated_percent_error`
estimated_percent_error = (
speed_from_grid_size(grids[-1], *popt) - true_speed_estimate
) / true_speed_estimate
print(f"Estimated error in final calculation {estimated_percent_error:.1%}")
# The total estimated error is the sum of these two errors.
total_percent_error_estimate = abs(percent_error_in_true_speed) + abs(
estimated_percent_error
)
print(f"Estimated total error {total_percent_error_estimate:.1%}")
if plot:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.semilogx(grids, speeds, "o-")
ax.set_ylim(
min(speeds[-5:] + [true_speed_estimate - perr[0]]) * 0.95,
max(speeds[-5:] + [true_speed_estimate + perr[0]]) * 1.05,
)
ax.plot(grids[-4:], speeds[-4:], "or")
extrapolated_grids = grids + [grids[-1] * i for i in range(2, 8)]
ax.plot(
extrapolated_grids, speed_from_grid_size(extrapolated_grids, *popt), ":r"
)
ax.set_xlim(*ax.get_xlim()) # Prevent automatic expansion of axis limits
ax.hlines(true_speed_estimate, *ax.get_xlim(), colors="r", linestyles="dashed")
ax.hlines(
true_speed_estimate + perr[0],
*ax.get_xlim(),
colors="r",
linestyles="dashed",
alpha=0.3,
)
ax.hlines(
true_speed_estimate - perr[0],
*ax.get_xlim(),
colors="r",
linestyles="dashed",
alpha=0.3,
)
ax.fill_between(
ax.get_xlim(),
true_speed_estimate - perr[0],
true_speed_estimate + perr[0],
facecolor="red",
alpha=0.1,
)
above = popt[1] / abs(
popt[1]
) # will be +1 if approach from above or -1 if approach from below
ax.annotate(
"",
xy=(grids[-1], true_speed_estimate),
xycoords="data",
xytext=(grids[-1], speed_from_grid_size(grids[-1], *popt)),
textcoords="data",
arrowprops=dict(
arrowstyle="|-|, widthA=0.5, widthB=0.5",
linewidth=1,
connectionstyle="arc3",
color="black",
shrinkA=0,
shrinkB=0,
),
)
ax.annotate(
f"{abs(estimated_percent_error):.1%}",
xy=(grids[-1], speed_from_grid_size(grids[-1], *popt)),
xycoords="data",
xytext=(5, 15 * above),
va="center",
textcoords="offset points",
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", connectionstyle="arc3"),
)
ax.annotate(
"",
xy=(grids[-1] * 4, true_speed_estimate - (above * perr[0])),
xycoords="data",
xytext=(grids[-1] * 4, true_speed_estimate),
textcoords="data",
arrowprops=dict(
arrowstyle="|-|, widthA=0.5, widthB=0.5",
linewidth=1,
connectionstyle="arc3",
color="black",
shrinkA=0,
shrinkB=0,
),
)
ax.annotate(
f"{abs(percent_error_in_true_speed):.1%}",
xy=(grids[-1] * 4, true_speed_estimate - (above * perr[0])),
xycoords="data",
xytext=(5, -15 * above),
va="center",
textcoords="offset points",
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", connectionstyle="arc3"),
)
ax.set(xlabel="Grid size", ylabel="Flame speed (m/s)")
return true_speed_estimate, total_percent_error_estimate
def make_callback(flame):
"""
Create and return a callback function that you will attach to
a flame solver. The reason we define a function to make the callback function,
instead of just defining the callback function, is so that it can store
a pair of lists that persist between function calls, to store the
values of grid size and flame speed.
This factory returns the callback function, and the two lists:
(callback, speeds, grids)
"""
speeds = []
grids = []
def callback(_):
speed = flame.velocity[0]
grid = len(flame.grid)
speeds.append(speed)
grids.append(grid)
print(f"Iteration {len(grids)}")
print(f"Current flame speed is is {speed * 100:.4f} cm/s")
if len(grids) < 5:
return 1.0 #
try:
extrapolate_uncertainty(grids, speeds)
except Exception as e:
print("Couldn't estimate uncertainty. " + str(e))
return 1.0 # continue anyway
return 1.0
return callback, speeds, grids
Define the reactant conditions, gas mixture and kinetic mechanism associated with the gas#
# Inlet Temperature in Kelvin and Inlet Pressure in Pascals
# In this case we are setting the inlet T and P to room temperature conditions
To = 300
Po = 101325
# Define the gas mixture and kinetics
# In this case, we are choosing a GRI3.0 gas
gas = ct.Solution("gri30.yaml")
# Create a stoichiometric CH4/Air premixed mixture
gas.set_equivalence_ratio(1.0, "CH4", {"O2": 1.0, "N2": 3.76})
gas.TP = To, Po
Define flame simulation conditions#
# Domain width in metres
width = 0.014
# Create the flame object
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
# Define logging level
loglevel = 1
# Define tight tolerances for the solver
refine_criteria = {"ratio": 2, "slope": 0.01, "curve": 0.01}
flame.set_refine_criteria(**refine_criteria)
# Set maximum number of grid points to be very high (otherwise default is 1000)
flame.set_max_grid_points(flame.domains[flame.domain_index("flame")], 1e4)
# Set up the the callback function and lists of speeds and grids
callback, speeds, grids = make_callback(flame)
flame.set_steady_callback(callback)
Solve#
After the first five iterations, it will start to estimate the uncertainty.
flame.solve(loglevel=loglevel, auto=True)
Su0 = flame.velocity[0]
print(f"Flame Speed is: {Su0 * 100:.2f} cm/s")
************ Solving on 8 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.493
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003649 log(ss)= 4.613
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.006235 log(ss)= 3.334
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [9] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.028 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 0 point 6 velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 17 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.75
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.041e-05 log(ss)= 5.661
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001948 log(ss)= 5.54
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.951e-05 log(ss)= 6.217
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003333 log(ss)= 5.466
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.977e-05 log(ss)= 6.035
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 1
Current flame speed is is 37.7200 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 2
Current flame speed is is 37.7202 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 1 point 12 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001709 log(ss)= 5.031
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [32] point grid(s).
Iteration 3
Current flame speed is is 28.9151 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 2 point 23 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 7.594e-05 log(ss)= 5.497
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [59] point grid(s).
Iteration 4
Current flame speed is is 39.1383 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 42 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [107] point grid(s).
Iteration 5
Current flame speed is is 37.7735 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 36.6472 ± 5.2408 cm/s (14.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.7%
Estimated total error 15.0%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 103 104 105
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 74 point 9 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [181] point grid(s).
Iteration 6
Current flame speed is is 37.3888 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 41.1620 ± 3.0049 cm/s (7.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation -4.6%
Estimated total error 11.9%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 10 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 102 172 173 177 178 179
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 10 point 102 point 15 point 172 point 173 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [251] point grid(s).
Iteration 7
Current flame speed is is 37.3091 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 36.6078 ± 0.1725 cm/s (0.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation 1.6%
Estimated total error 2.0%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 248 249
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [337] point grid(s).
Iteration 8
Current flame speed is is 37.3150 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.0292 ± 0.0822 cm/s (0.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.6%
Estimated total error 0.8%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 331
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCO HNCO HO2 N2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 331 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [428] point grid(s).
Iteration 9
Current flame speed is is 37.3516 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.2883 ± 0.0617 cm/s (0.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.1%
Estimated total error 0.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 228 420
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCO HO2 N2 NO2 O O2 OH T point 228 point 420 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [570] point grid(s).
Iteration 10
Current flame speed is is 37.3915 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.4425 ± 0.0330 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCN HCO HO2 N2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [793] point grid(s).
Iteration 11
Current flame speed is is 37.4209 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.5002 ± 0.0032 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465
to resolve C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2CO CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CO H2O2 HCCO HCO HO2 OH
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [1042] point grid(s).
Iteration 12
Current flame speed is is 37.4537 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.5175 ± 0.0092 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 217
to resolve CH3O
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [1043] point grid(s).
Iteration 13
Current flame speed is is 37.4576 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.5313 ± 0.0131 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
no new points needed in flame
Flame Speed is: 37.46 cm/s
Use the final lists of grid sizes and flame speeds to make one final extrapolation “best guess”
best_true_speed_estimate, best_total_percent_error_estimate = extrapolate_uncertainty(
grids, speeds
)
best_true_speed_estimate
Fitted true_speed is 37.5313 ± 0.0131 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
np.float64(0.3753128118313917)
Analyze the error predictions#
Now let’s see how good our error estimates were, with hindsight.
If we assume that the final answer, with a very fine grid, has actually converged and is is the “truth”, then we can find out how large the errors were in the previous values, and compare these with our estimated errors. This will show if our estimates are reasonable, or conservative, or too optimistic.
def analyze_errors(grids, speeds, true_speed):
"""
If we assume that the final answer, with a very fine grid,
has actually converged and is is the "truth", then we can
find out how large the errors were in the previous values,
and compare these with our estimated errors.
This will show if our estimates are reasonable, or conservative, or too optimistic.
"""
true_speed_estimates = np.full_like(speeds, np.nan)
total_percent_error_estimates = np.full_like(speeds, np.nan)
actual_extrapolated_percent_errors = np.full_like(speeds, np.nan)
actual_raw_percent_errors = np.full_like(speeds, np.nan)
for i in range(3, len(grids)):
print(grids[: i + 1])
true_speed_estimate, total_percent_error_estimate = extrapolate_uncertainty(
grids[: i + 1], speeds[: i + 1], plot=False
)
actual_extrapolated_percent_error = (
abs(true_speed_estimate - true_speed) / true_speed
)
actual_raw_percent_error = abs(speeds[i] - true_speed) / true_speed
print(
"Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) "
f"{actual_extrapolated_percent_error:.1%}"
)
print(f"Actual raw error (with hindsight) {actual_raw_percent_error:.1%}")
true_speed_estimates[i] = true_speed_estimate
total_percent_error_estimates[i] = total_percent_error_estimate
actual_extrapolated_percent_errors[i] = actual_extrapolated_percent_error
actual_raw_percent_errors[i] = actual_raw_percent_error
print()
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.loglog(grids, actual_raw_percent_errors * 100, "o-", label="raw error")
ax.loglog(
grids,
actual_extrapolated_percent_errors * 100,
"o-",
label="extrapolated error",
)
ax.loglog(
grids, total_percent_error_estimates * 100, "o-", label="estimated error"
)
ax.set(xlabel="Grid size", ylabel="Error in flame speed (%)")
ax.legend()
ax.set_title(flame.get_refine_criteria())
ax.get_yaxis().set_major_formatter(matplotlib.ticker.PercentFormatter())
flame.get_refine_criteria()
data = pd.DataFrame(
data={
"actual error in raw value": actual_raw_percent_errors * 100,
"actual error in extrapolated value": actual_extrapolated_percent_errors
* 100,
"estimated error": total_percent_error_estimates * 100,
},
index=grids,
)
return data
analyze_errors(grids, speeds, best_true_speed_estimate)
[17, 17, 32, 59]
Fitted true_speed is 34.1253 ± 7.0514 cm/s (20.7%)
Estimated error in final calculation 2.1%
Estimated total error 22.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 9.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 4.3%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107]
Fitted true_speed is 36.6472 ± 5.2408 cm/s (14.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.7%
Estimated total error 15.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 2.4%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.6%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181]
Fitted true_speed is 41.1620 ± 3.0049 cm/s (7.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation -4.6%
Estimated total error 11.9%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 9.7%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.4%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251]
Fitted true_speed is 36.6078 ± 0.1725 cm/s (0.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation 1.6%
Estimated total error 2.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 2.5%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.6%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251, 337]
Fitted true_speed is 37.0292 ± 0.0822 cm/s (0.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.6%
Estimated total error 0.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 1.3%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.6%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251, 337, 428]
Fitted true_speed is 37.2883 ± 0.0617 cm/s (0.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.1%
Estimated total error 0.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.6%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.5%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251, 337, 428, 570]
Fitted true_speed is 37.4425 ± 0.0330 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.2%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.4%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251, 337, 428, 570, 793]
Fitted true_speed is 37.5002 ± 0.0032 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.3%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251, 337, 428, 570, 793, 1042]
Fitted true_speed is 37.5175 ± 0.0092 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.0%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.2%
[17, 17, 32, 59, 107, 181, 251, 337, 428, 570, 793, 1042, 1043]
Fitted true_speed is 37.5313 ± 0.0131 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 0.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.0%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.2%
Repeat with less tight refine criteria#
refine_criteria = {"ratio": 3, "slope": 0.1, "curve": 0.1}
# Reset the gas
gas.set_equivalence_ratio(1.0, "CH4", {"O2": 1.0, "N2": 3.76})
gas.TP = To, Po
# Create a new flame object
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
flame.set_refine_criteria(**refine_criteria)
flame.set_max_grid_points(flame.domains[flame.domain_index("flame")], 1e4)
callback, speeds, grids = make_callback(flame)
flame.set_steady_callback(callback)
# Define logging level
loglevel = 1
flame.solve(loglevel=loglevel, auto=True)
Su0 = flame.velocity[0]
print(f"Flame Speed is: {Su0 * 100:.2f} cm/s")
# Use the best true speed estimate from the fine grid tight criteria above
analyze_errors(grids, speeds, best_true_speed_estimate)
************ Solving on 8 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.493
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003649 log(ss)= 4.613
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.006235 log(ss)= 3.334
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [9] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.028 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 17 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.75
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.041e-05 log(ss)= 5.661
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001948 log(ss)= 5.54
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.951e-05 log(ss)= 6.217
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003333 log(ss)= 5.466
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.977e-05 log(ss)= 6.035
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 1
Current flame speed is is 37.7200 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 2
Current flame speed is is 37.7202 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001709 log(ss)= 5.031
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [24] point grid(s).
Iteration 3
Current flame speed is is 28.9255 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 7.594e-05 log(ss)= 5.496
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [34] point grid(s).
Iteration 4
Current flame speed is is 39.1617 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [45] point grid(s).
Iteration 5
Current flame speed is is 37.8532 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 38.2127 ± 8.2281 cm/s (21.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -3.5%
Estimated total error 25.0%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [58] point grid(s).
Iteration 6
Current flame speed is is 37.5887 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 45.7278 ± 5.3915 cm/s (11.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation -13.4%
Estimated total error 25.2%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 54
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [77] point grid(s).
Iteration 7
Current flame speed is is 37.7312 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 36.2388 ± 0.7516 cm/s (2.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 3.2%
Estimated total error 5.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCO HNCO HO2 N2 NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [105] point grid(s).
Iteration 8
Current flame speed is is 37.9687 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.9306 ± 0.3235 cm/s (0.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 1.1%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 30 31 32 33 34 35 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CO CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O HCCO HCO
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [134] point grid(s).
Iteration 9
Current flame speed is is 38.2864 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 38.6933 ± 0.1932 cm/s (0.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -1.3%
Estimated total error 1.8%
no new points needed in flame
Flame Speed is: 38.29 cm/s
[17, 17, 24, 34]
Fitted true_speed is 34.1328 ± 11.2002 cm/s (32.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation 3.2%
Estimated total error 36.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 9.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 4.3%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45]
Fitted true_speed is 38.2127 ± 8.2281 cm/s (21.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -3.5%
Estimated total error 25.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 1.8%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.9%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58]
Fitted true_speed is 45.7278 ± 5.3915 cm/s (11.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation -13.4%
Estimated total error 25.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 21.8%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.2%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58, 77]
Fitted true_speed is 36.2388 ± 0.7516 cm/s (2.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 3.2%
Estimated total error 5.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 3.4%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.5%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58, 77, 105]
Fitted true_speed is 37.9306 ± 0.3235 cm/s (0.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 1.1%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 1.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 1.2%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58, 77, 105, 134]
Fitted true_speed is 38.6933 ± 0.1932 cm/s (0.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -1.3%
Estimated total error 1.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 3.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 2.0%
Default (loose) criteria#
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
refine_criteria = flame.get_refine_criteria()
refine_criteria.update({"prune": 0})
refine_criteria
gas.set_equivalence_ratio(1.0, "CH4", {"O2": 1.0, "N2": 3.76})
gas.TP = To, Po
# Create a new flame object
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
flame.set_refine_criteria(**refine_criteria)
flame.set_max_grid_points(flame.domains[flame.domain_index("flame")], 1e4)
callback, speeds, grids = make_callback(flame)
flame.set_steady_callback(callback)
# Define logging level
loglevel = 1
flame.solve(loglevel=loglevel, auto=True)
Su0 = flame.velocity[0]
print(f"Flame Speed is: {Su0 * 100:.2f} cm/s")
analyze_errors(grids, speeds, best_true_speed_estimate)
************ Solving on 8 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.493
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003649 log(ss)= 4.613
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.006235 log(ss)= 3.334
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [9] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.028 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 2 3 4 5
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CO CO2 H H2 H2O2 HCCO HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N2 N2O NH3 NO2 O O2 OH
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 13 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.75
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.041e-05 log(ss)= 5.661
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001948 log(ss)= 5.543
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 9.753e-06 log(ss)= 6.508
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001666 log(ss)= 5.443
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 8.788e-06 log(ss)= 6.658
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0002252 log(ss)= 4.757
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [13] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.056 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 3 4 5
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCN HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 NCO NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 16 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.76
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.041e-05 log(ss)= 5.687
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0007794 log(ss)= 4.522
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.463e-05 log(ss)= 6.467
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 8.332e-05 log(ss)= 5.943
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.483e-05 log(ss)= 6.238
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 8.446e-05 log(ss)= 6.077
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 4.509e-05 log(ss)= 5.768
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0005136 log(ss)= 4.922
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.286e-05 log(ss)= 6.706
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003295 log(ss)= 4.685
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.008444 log(ss)= 2.695
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [16] point grid(s).
Iteration 1
Current flame speed is is 37.7339 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [16] point grid(s).
Iteration 2
Current flame speed is is 37.7337 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 4 5 6
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCN HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 NCO NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001709 log(ss)= 5.036
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [19] point grid(s).
Iteration 3
Current flame speed is is 29.0621 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 5 6 7 8
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CO H H2 H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO N2 NH3 NO2 O OH
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 7.594e-05 log(ss)= 5.505
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [23] point grid(s).
Iteration 4
Current flame speed is is 40.2404 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 6 7 8 9 10
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO N N2 NCO O OH velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [28] point grid(s).
Iteration 5
Current flame speed is is 39.8788 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 45.8608 ± 14.4144 cm/s (31.4%)
Estimated error in final calculation -14.6%
Estimated total error 46.1%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 9 10 11 12
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C3H7 C3H8 CH2 CH2(S) CH2OH CH3CHO HCCO HCCOH HCNO HCO
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [32] point grid(s).
Iteration 6
Current flame speed is is 42.1753 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 60.8599 ± 8.3884 cm/s (13.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation -29.0%
Estimated total error 42.8%
no new points needed in flame
Flame Speed is: 42.18 cm/s
[16, 16, 19, 23]
Fitted true_speed is 37.6557 ± 21.1380 cm/s (56.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation -3.1%
Estimated total error 59.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.3%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 7.2%
[16, 16, 19, 23, 28]
Fitted true_speed is 45.8608 ± 14.4144 cm/s (31.4%)
Estimated error in final calculation -14.6%
Estimated total error 46.1%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 22.2%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 6.3%
[16, 16, 19, 23, 28, 32]
Fitted true_speed is 60.8599 ± 8.3884 cm/s (13.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation -29.0%
Estimated total error 42.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 62.2%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 12.4%
Middling refine criteria#
refine_criteria = {"ratio": 3, "slope": 0.1, "curve": 0.1}
# Reset the gas
gas.set_equivalence_ratio(1.0, "CH4", {"O2": 1.0, "N2": 3.76})
gas.TP = To, Po
# Create a new flame object
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
flame.set_refine_criteria(**refine_criteria)
flame.set_max_grid_points(flame.domains[flame.domain_index("flame")], 1e4)
callback, speeds, grids = make_callback(flame)
flame.set_steady_callback(callback)
# Define logging level
loglevel = 1
flame.solve(loglevel=loglevel, auto=True)
Su0 = flame.velocity[0]
print(f"Flame Speed is: {Su0 * 100:.2f} cm/s")
************ Solving on 8 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.493
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003649 log(ss)= 4.613
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.006235 log(ss)= 3.334
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [9] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.028 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 17 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.136e-05 log(ss)= 5.75
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.041e-05 log(ss)= 5.661
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001948 log(ss)= 5.54
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.951e-05 log(ss)= 6.217
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0003333 log(ss)= 5.466
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 1.977e-05 log(ss)= 6.035
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 1
Current flame speed is is 37.7200 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 2
Current flame speed is is 37.7202 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001709 log(ss)= 5.031
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [24] point grid(s).
Iteration 3
Current flame speed is is 28.9255 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 7.594e-05 log(ss)= 5.496
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [34] point grid(s).
Iteration 4
Current flame speed is is 39.1617 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NH NH2 NH3 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [45] point grid(s).
Iteration 5
Current flame speed is is 37.8532 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 38.2127 ± 8.2281 cm/s (21.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -3.5%
Estimated total error 25.0%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 N2O NCO NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [58] point grid(s).
Iteration 6
Current flame speed is is 37.5887 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 45.7278 ± 5.3915 cm/s (11.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation -13.4%
Estimated total error 25.2%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 54
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO CO2 H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCNO HCO HNCO HO2 N N2 NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [77] point grid(s).
Iteration 7
Current flame speed is is 37.7312 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 36.2388 ± 0.7516 cm/s (2.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 3.2%
Estimated total error 5.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
to resolve C C2H C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CHO CH2CO CH2O CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O CH3OH CH4 CO H H2 H2O H2O2 HCCO HCCOH HCN HCO HNCO HO2 N2 NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [105] point grid(s).
Iteration 8
Current flame speed is is 37.9687 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 37.9306 ± 0.3235 cm/s (0.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 1.1%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 30 31 32 33 34 35 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
to resolve C C2H2 C2H3 C2H4 C2H5 C2H6 C3H7 C3H8 CH CH2 CH2(S) CH2CO CH2OH CH3 CH3CHO CH3O HCCO HCO
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [134] point grid(s).
Iteration 9
Current flame speed is is 38.2864 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 38.6933 ± 0.1932 cm/s (0.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -1.3%
Estimated total error 1.8%
no new points needed in flame
Flame Speed is: 38.29 cm/s
analyze_errors(grids, speeds, best_true_speed_estimate)
[17, 17, 24, 34]
Fitted true_speed is 34.1328 ± 11.2002 cm/s (32.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation 3.2%
Estimated total error 36.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 9.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 4.3%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45]
Fitted true_speed is 38.2127 ± 8.2281 cm/s (21.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -3.5%
Estimated total error 25.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 1.8%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.9%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58]
Fitted true_speed is 45.7278 ± 5.3915 cm/s (11.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation -13.4%
Estimated total error 25.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 21.8%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.2%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58, 77]
Fitted true_speed is 36.2388 ± 0.7516 cm/s (2.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 3.2%
Estimated total error 5.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 3.4%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.5%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58, 77, 105]
Fitted true_speed is 37.9306 ± 0.3235 cm/s (0.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.2%
Estimated total error 1.1%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 1.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 1.2%
[17, 17, 24, 34, 45, 58, 77, 105, 134]
Fitted true_speed is 38.6933 ± 0.1932 cm/s (0.5%)
Estimated error in final calculation -1.3%
Estimated total error 1.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 3.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 2.0%
Try a Hydrogen flame (still with GRI mech)#
# Tight criteria
refine_criteria = {"ratio": 2, "slope": 0.01, "curve": 0.01}
# Reset the gas
gas.set_equivalence_ratio(1.0, "H2", {"O2": 1.0, "N2": 3.76})
gas.TP = To, Po
# Create a new flame object
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
flame.set_refine_criteria(**refine_criteria)
flame.set_max_grid_points(flame.domains[flame.domain_index("flame")], 1e4)
callback, speeds, grids = make_callback(flame)
flame.set_steady_callback(callback)
# Define logging level
loglevel = 1
flame.solve(loglevel=loglevel, auto=True)
Su0 = flame.velocity[0]
print(f"Flame Speed is: {Su0 * 100:.2f} cm/s")
************ Solving on 8 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 4.746e-06 log(ss)= 7.177
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001216 log(ss)= 5.206
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [9] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.028 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 0 point 6 velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 17 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.56e-06 log(ss)= 7.324
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.703e-05 log(ss)= 6.008
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 1
Current flame speed is is 130.4379 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 2
Current flame speed is is 130.4378 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 1 point 12 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001709 log(ss)= 4.991
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [32] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.056 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 2 point 23 velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 57 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.373e-06 log(ss)= 7.465
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 6.007e-06 log(ss)= 7.356
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 6.842e-05 log(ss)= 5.897
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [57] point grid(s).
Iteration 3
Current flame speed is is 266.3981 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [57] point grid(s).
Iteration 4
Current flame speed is is 266.3976 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 40 point 7 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0002563 log(ss)= 4.29
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [102] point grid(s).
Iteration 5
Current flame speed is is 338.1343 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 348.7820 ± 20.7897 cm/s (6.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -10.7%
Estimated total error 16.6%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T point 6 point 69 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [169] point grid(s).
Iteration 6
Current flame speed is is 291.7385 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 338.2877 ± 43.0117 cm/s (12.7%)
Estimated error in final calculation -6.6%
Estimated total error 19.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 58 59 60 61 62 63 166 167
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [209] point grid(s).
Iteration 7
Current flame speed is is 262.8029 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 294.8357 ± 45.5419 cm/s (15.4%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.9%
Estimated total error 16.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 85 205 206 207
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 N2O NO O O2 OH T point 85 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [254] point grid(s).
Iteration 8
Current flame speed is is 248.0358 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 192.8185 ± 11.3247 cm/s (5.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation 30.9%
Estimated total error 36.7%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 105 128 246 250 251 252
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 NO O O2 OH T point 105 point 128 point 246 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [309] point grid(s).
Iteration 9
Current flame speed is is 240.5816 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 174.5868 ± 10.8210 cm/s (6.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 35.8%
Estimated total error 42.0%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 26 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 296 305 306 307
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 NO O O2 OH T point 26 point 296 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [376] point grid(s).
Iteration 10
Current flame speed is is 236.8064 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 202.1666 ± 6.5242 cm/s (3.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 16.2%
Estimated total error 19.4%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 25 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 368 373 374
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 NO O O2 OH T point 25 point 368 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [471] point grid(s).
Iteration 11
Current flame speed is is 234.8980 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 218.3274 ± 3.5282 cm/s (1.6%)
Estimated error in final calculation 7.1%
Estimated total error 8.7%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [616] point grid(s).
Iteration 12
Current flame speed is is 233.9327 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 226.6729 ± 1.8472 cm/s (0.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation 2.9%
Estimated total error 3.8%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [814] point grid(s).
Iteration 13
Current flame speed is is 233.4622 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 230.3336 ± 0.7462 cm/s (0.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation 1.2%
Estimated total error 1.6%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 69 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 470
to resolve H2O2 HO2 OH T point 470 point 69 velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [931] point grid(s).
Iteration 14
Current flame speed is is 233.1788 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 231.4467 ± 0.1832 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.7%
Estimated total error 0.8%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 588
to resolve HO2 point 588
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [974] point grid(s).
Iteration 15
Current flame speed is is 233.1398 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 231.7637 ± 0.1081 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.6%
Estimated total error 0.6%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 197 282
to resolve point 197 point 282
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [976] point grid(s).
Iteration 16
Current flame speed is is 233.1284 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 231.4473 ± 0.1372 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.7%
Estimated total error 0.8%
no new points needed in flame
Flame Speed is: 233.13 cm/s
get a new best true speed estimate
best_true_speed_estimate, best_total_percent_error_estimate = extrapolate_uncertainty(
grids, speeds
)
Fitted true_speed is 231.4473 ± 0.1372 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.7%
Estimated total error 0.8%
analyze_errors(grids, speeds, best_true_speed_estimate)
[17, 17, 57, 57]
Fitted true_speed is 324.1808 ± 0.0002 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -17.8%
Estimated total error 17.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 40.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 15.1%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102]
Fitted true_speed is 348.7820 ± 20.7897 cm/s (6.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -10.7%
Estimated total error 16.6%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 50.7%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 46.1%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169]
Fitted true_speed is 338.2877 ± 43.0117 cm/s (12.7%)
Estimated error in final calculation -6.6%
Estimated total error 19.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 46.2%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 26.0%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209]
Fitted true_speed is 294.8357 ± 45.5419 cm/s (15.4%)
Estimated error in final calculation -0.9%
Estimated total error 16.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 27.4%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 13.5%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254]
Fitted true_speed is 192.8185 ± 11.3247 cm/s (5.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation 30.9%
Estimated total error 36.7%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 16.7%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 7.2%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309]
Fitted true_speed is 174.5868 ± 10.8210 cm/s (6.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 35.8%
Estimated total error 42.0%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 24.6%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 3.9%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376]
Fitted true_speed is 202.1666 ± 6.5242 cm/s (3.2%)
Estimated error in final calculation 16.2%
Estimated total error 19.4%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 12.7%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 2.3%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376, 471]
Fitted true_speed is 218.3274 ± 3.5282 cm/s (1.6%)
Estimated error in final calculation 7.1%
Estimated total error 8.7%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 5.7%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 1.5%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376, 471, 616]
Fitted true_speed is 226.6729 ± 1.8472 cm/s (0.8%)
Estimated error in final calculation 2.9%
Estimated total error 3.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 2.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 1.1%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376, 471, 616, 814]
Fitted true_speed is 230.3336 ± 0.7462 cm/s (0.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation 1.2%
Estimated total error 1.6%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.5%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.9%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376, 471, 616, 814, 931]
Fitted true_speed is 231.4467 ± 0.1832 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.7%
Estimated total error 0.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.0%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.7%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376, 471, 616, 814, 931, 974]
Fitted true_speed is 231.7637 ± 0.1081 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.6%
Estimated total error 0.6%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.7%
[17, 17, 57, 57, 102, 169, 209, 254, 309, 376, 471, 616, 814, 931, 974, 976]
Fitted true_speed is 231.4473 ± 0.1372 cm/s (0.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 0.7%
Estimated total error 0.8%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 0.0%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 0.7%
Middling refine criteria, Hydrogen flame#
refine_criteria = {"ratio": 3, "slope": 0.1, "curve": 0.1}
# Reset the gas
gas.set_equivalence_ratio(1.0, "H2", {"O2": 1.0, "N2": 3.76})
gas.TP = To, Po
# Create a new flame object
flame = ct.FreeFlame(gas, width=width)
flame.set_refine_criteria(**refine_criteria)
flame.set_max_grid_points(flame.domains[flame.domain_index("flame")], 1e4)
callback, speeds, grids = make_callback(flame)
flame.set_steady_callback(callback)
# Define logging level
loglevel = 1
flame.solve(loglevel=loglevel, auto=True)
Su0 = flame.velocity[0]
print(f"Flame Speed is: {Su0 * 100:.2f} cm/s")
************ Solving on 8 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 4.746e-06 log(ss)= 7.177
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001216 log(ss)= 5.206
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [9] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.028 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 17 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.56e-06 log(ss)= 7.324
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 2.703e-05 log(ss)= 6.008
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 1
Current flame speed is is 130.4379 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [17] point grid(s).
Iteration 2
Current flame speed is is 130.4378 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001709 log(ss)= 4.991
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [28] point grid(s).
Expanding domain to accommodate flame thickness. New width: 0.056 m
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
*********** Solving on 36 point grid with energy equation enabled ************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 3.56e-06 log(ss)= 7.489
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 9.01e-06 log(ss)= 7.205
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0001026 log(ss)= 5.524
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [36] point grid(s).
Iteration 3
Current flame speed is is 266.3992 cm/s
grid refinement disabled.
******************** Solving with grid refinement enabled ********************
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [36] point grid(s).
Iteration 4
Current flame speed is is 266.3977 cm/s
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve failed.
Attempt 10 timesteps.
Final timestep info: dt= 0.0002563 log(ss)= 4.159
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [43] point grid(s).
Iteration 5
Current flame speed is is 338.1343 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 425.6833 ± 37.1255 cm/s (8.7%)
Estimated error in final calculation -27.8%
Estimated total error 36.6%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N N2 N2O NNH NO NO2 O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [51] point grid(s).
Iteration 6
Current flame speed is is 291.7345 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 407.7913 ± 124.8083 cm/s (30.6%)
Estimated error in final calculation -22.9%
Estimated total error 53.5%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 N2O NNH NO O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [61] point grid(s).
Iteration 7
Current flame speed is is 262.7958 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 267.9033 ± 110.0674 cm/s (41.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 6.1%
Estimated total error 47.2%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 NO O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [74] point grid(s).
Iteration 8
Current flame speed is is 247.9646 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 115.6064 ± 22.0935 cm/s (19.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 108.9%
Estimated total error 128.1%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
to resolve H H2 H2O H2O2 HO2 N2 NO O O2 OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [92] point grid(s).
Iteration 9
Current flame speed is is 240.4975 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 172.3652 ± 15.3920 cm/s (8.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation 36.9%
Estimated total error 45.9%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
to resolve H2O2 HO2 N2 O OH T velocity
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [113] point grid(s).
Iteration 10
Current flame speed is is 236.3507 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 203.6938 ± 6.4115 cm/s (3.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 15.1%
Estimated total error 18.3%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
to resolve H2O2 HO2
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [127] point grid(s).
Iteration 11
Current flame speed is is 234.0603 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 214.6007 ± 1.3560 cm/s (0.6%)
Estimated error in final calculation 9.0%
Estimated total error 9.6%
##############################################################################
Refining grid in flame.
New points inserted after grid points 39 40 41 42 43
to resolve HO2
##############################################################################
Attempt Newton solution of steady-state problem.
Newton steady-state solve succeeded.
Problem solved on [132] point grid(s).
Iteration 12
Current flame speed is is 233.7520 cm/s
Fitted true_speed is 217.7925 ± 0.5751 cm/s (0.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation 7.3%
Estimated total error 7.5%
no new points needed in flame
Flame Speed is: 233.75 cm/s
analyze_errors(grids, speeds, best_true_speed_estimate)
[17, 17, 36, 36]
Fitted true_speed is 388.0474 ± 0.0012 cm/s (0.0%)
Estimated error in final calculation -31.3%
Estimated total error 31.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 67.7%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 15.1%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43]
Fitted true_speed is 425.6833 ± 37.1255 cm/s (8.7%)
Estimated error in final calculation -27.8%
Estimated total error 36.6%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 83.9%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 46.1%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51]
Fitted true_speed is 407.7913 ± 124.8083 cm/s (30.6%)
Estimated error in final calculation -22.9%
Estimated total error 53.5%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 76.2%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 26.0%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51, 61]
Fitted true_speed is 267.9033 ± 110.0674 cm/s (41.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 6.1%
Estimated total error 47.2%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 15.8%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 13.5%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51, 61, 74]
Fitted true_speed is 115.6064 ± 22.0935 cm/s (19.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 108.9%
Estimated total error 128.1%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 50.1%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 7.1%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51, 61, 74, 92]
Fitted true_speed is 172.3652 ± 15.3920 cm/s (8.9%)
Estimated error in final calculation 36.9%
Estimated total error 45.9%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 25.5%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 3.9%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51, 61, 74, 92, 113]
Fitted true_speed is 203.6938 ± 6.4115 cm/s (3.1%)
Estimated error in final calculation 15.1%
Estimated total error 18.3%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 12.0%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 2.1%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51, 61, 74, 92, 113, 127]
Fitted true_speed is 214.6007 ± 1.3560 cm/s (0.6%)
Estimated error in final calculation 9.0%
Estimated total error 9.6%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 7.3%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 1.1%
[17, 17, 36, 36, 43, 51, 61, 74, 92, 113, 127, 132]
Fitted true_speed is 217.7925 ± 0.5751 cm/s (0.3%)
Estimated error in final calculation 7.3%
Estimated total error 7.5%
Actual extrapolated error (with hindsight) 5.9%
Actual raw error (with hindsight) 1.0%
Total running time of the script: (2 minutes 39.206 seconds)