Transport.h

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/**
 * @file Transport.h Headers for the Transport object, which is the virtual
 *     base class for all transport property evaluators and also includes the
 *     tranprops group definition (see @ref tranprops and @link
 *     Cantera::Transport Transport @endlink) .
 */
 
// This file is part of Cantera. See License.txt in the top-level directory or
// at https://cantera.org/license.txt for license and copyright information.
 
/**
 * @defgroup tranprops Transport Properties
 *
 * These classes provide transport properties, including diffusion coefficients,
 * thermal conductivity, and viscosity.
 */
 
#ifndef CT_TRANSPORT_H
#define CT_TRANSPORT_H
 
#include "cantera/base/ct_defs.h"
#include "cantera/base/ctexceptions.h"
#include "cantera/base/AnyMap.h"
 
namespace Cantera
{
 
class ThermoPhase;
 
/**
 * @addtogroup tranprops
 */
//!  @cond
 
const int CK_Mode = 10;
 
//!   @endcond
 
//! Base class for transport property managers.
/*!
 * All classes that compute transport properties for a single phase derive from
 * this class.  Class Transport is meant to be used as a base class only. It is
 * possible to instantiate it, but its methods throw exceptions if called.
 *
 * ## Relationship of the Transport class to the ThermoPhase Class
 *
 * This section describes how calculations are carried out within the Transport
 * class. The Transport class and derived classes of the the Transport class
 * necessarily use the ThermoPhase class to obtain the list of species and the
 * thermodynamic state of the phase.
 *
 * No state information is stored within Transport classes. Queries to the
 * underlying ThermoPhase object must be made to obtain the state of the system.
 *
 * An exception to this however is the state information concerning the the
 * gradients of variables. This information is not stored within the ThermoPhase
 * objects. It may be collected within the Transport objects. In fact, the
 * meaning of const operations within the Transport class refers to calculations
 * which do not change the state of the system nor the state of the first order
 * gradients of the system.
 *
 * When a const operation is evoked within the Transport class, it is also
 * implicitly assumed that the underlying state within the ThermoPhase object
 * has not changed its values.
 *
 * @todo Provide a general mechanism to store the gradients of state variables
 *        within the system.
 *
 * @ingroup tranprops
 */
class Transport
{
public:
    //!  Constructor.
    /*!
     * New transport managers should be created using TransportFactory, not by
     * calling the constructor directly.
     *
     * @see TransportFactory
     */
    Transport() = default;
 
    virtual ~Transport() {}
 
    // Transport objects are not copyable or assignable
    Transport(const Transport&) = delete;
    Transport& operator=(const Transport&) = delete;
 
    //! Create a new Transport object using the same transport model and species
    //! transport properties as this one.
    //! @param thermo ThermoPhase used to specify the state for the newly cloned
    //!     Transport object. Can be created from the phase used by the current
    //!     Transport object using the ThermoPhase::clone() method.
    //! @since New in %Cantera 3.2.
    shared_ptr<Transport> clone(shared_ptr<ThermoPhase> thermo) const;
 
    //! Identifies the model represented by this Transport object. Each derived class
    //! should override this method to return a meaningful identifier.
    //! @since New in %Cantera 3.0. The name returned by this method corresponds
    //!     to the canonical name used in the YAML input format.
    virtual string transportModel() const {
        return "none";
    }
 
    /**
     * Phase object. Every transport manager is designed to compute properties
     * for a specific phase of a mixture, which might be a liquid solution, a
     * gas mixture, a surface, etc. This method returns a reference to the
     * object representing the phase itself.
     */
    ThermoPhase& thermo() {
        return *m_thermo;
    }
 
    //! Check that the specified species index is in range.
    /*!
     * @since Starting in %Cantera 3.2, returns the input species index, if valid.
     * @exception Throws an IndexError if k is greater than #m_nsp.
     */
    size_t checkSpeciesIndex(size_t k) const;
 
    //! @name Transport Properties
    //! @{
 
    //! Get the dynamic viscosity [Pa·s]
    virtual double viscosity() {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::viscosity",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Get the pure species viscosities [Pa·s].
    /*!
     * @param visc   Vector of viscosities; length is the number of species
     */
    virtual void getSpeciesViscosities(span<double> visc) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getSpeciesViscosities",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! The bulk viscosity [Pa·s].
    /*!
     * The bulk viscosity is only non-zero in rare cases. Most transport
     * managers either overload this method to return zero, or do not implement
     * it, in which case an exception is thrown if called.
     */
    virtual double bulkViscosity() {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::bulkViscosity",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Get the mixture thermal conductivity [W/m/K].
    virtual double thermalConductivity() {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::thermalConductivity",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Get the electrical conductivity [siemens/m].
    virtual double electricalConductivity() {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::electricalConductivity",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Get the electrical mobilities [m²/V/s].
    /*!
     * This function returns the mobilities. In some formulations this is equal
     * to the normal mobility multiplied by Faraday's constant.
     *
     * Frequently, but not always, the mobility is calculated from the diffusion
     * coefficient using the Einstein relation
     *
     * @f[
     *      \mu^e_k = \frac{F D_k}{R T}
     * @f]
     *
     * @param mobil_e  Returns the mobilities of the species in array @c
     *               mobil_e. The array must be dimensioned at least as large as
     *               the number of species.
     */
    virtual void getMobilities(span<double> mobil_e) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMobilities",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! @}
 
    //! Get the species diffusive mass fluxes [kg/m²/s] with respect to the specified
    //! solution averaged velocity, given the mole fraction and temperature gradients.
    /*!
     * Usually the specified solution average velocity is the mass averaged velocity.
     * This is changed in some subclasses, however.
     *
     * @param ndim  Number of dimensions in the flux expressions
     * @param[in] grad_T  Gradient of the temperature (length `ndim`)
     * @param ldx  Leading dimension of the `grad_X` array (usually equal to the number
     *     of species)
     * @param[in] grad_X  Gradients of the mole fractions; flattened matrix such that
     *     @f$ dX_k/dx_n = \tt{ grad\_X[n*ldx+k]} @f$ is the gradient of species *k*
     *     in dimension *n*. Length is `ldx` * `ndim`.
     * @param ldf  Leading dimension of the `fluxes` array (usually equal to the number
     *     of species)
     * @param[out] fluxes  The diffusive mass fluxes; flattened matrix such that
     *     @f$ j_{kn} = \tt{ fluxes[n*ldf+k]} @f$ is the flux of species *k*
     *     in dimension *n*. Length is `ldf` * `ndim`.
     */
    virtual void getSpeciesFluxes(size_t ndim, span<const double> grad_T,
                                  size_t ldx, span<const double> grad_X,
                                  size_t ldf, span<double> fluxes) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getSpeciesFluxes",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Get the molar fluxes [kmol/m²/s], given the thermodynamic state at two
    //! nearby points.
    /*!
     * @param[in] state1 Array of temperature, density, and mass fractions for
     *               state 1.
     * @param[in] state2 Array of temperature, density, and mass fractions for
     *               state 2.
     * @param[in] delta  Distance [m] from state 1 to state 2.
     * @param[out] cfluxes  Array containing the diffusive molar fluxes of species from
     *     `state1` to `state2`; Length is number of species.
     */
    virtual void getMolarFluxes(span<const double> state1, span<const double> state2,
                                const double delta, span<double> cfluxes) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMolarFluxes",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Get the mass fluxes [kg/m²/s], given the thermodynamic state at two
    //! nearby points.
    /*!
     * @param[in] state1 Array of temperature, density, and mass
     *               fractions for state 1.
     * @param[in] state2 Array of temperature, density, and mass fractions for
     *               state 2.
     * @param[in] delta Distance [m] from state 1 to state 2.
     * @param[out] mfluxes  Array containing the diffusive mass fluxes of species from
     *     `state1` to `state2`; length is number of species.
     */
    virtual void getMassFluxes(span<const double> state1, span<const double> state2,
                               double delta, span<double> mfluxes) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMassFluxes",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return a vector of thermal diffusion coefficients [kg/m/s].
    /*!
     * The thermal diffusion coefficient @f$ D^T_k @f$ is defined so that the
     * diffusive mass flux of species *k* induced by the local temperature
     * gradient is given by:
     *
     * @f[
     *     \mathbf{j}_k = -D^T_k \frac{\nabla T}{T}.
     * @f]
     *
     * The thermal diffusion coefficient can be either positive or negative.
     *
     * @param dt On return, dt will contain the species thermal diffusion coefficients.
     *           Dimension dt at least as large as the number of species.
     */
    virtual void getThermalDiffCoeffs(span<double> dt) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getThermalDiffCoeffs",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Returns the matrix of binary diffusion coefficients [m²/s].
    /*!
     * @param[in] ld  Leading dimension of the flattened array `d` used to store the
     *                diffusion coefficient matrix; usually equal to the number of
     *                species.
     * @param[out] d  Diffusion coefficient matrix stored in column-major (Fortran)
     *                order, such that @f$ \mathcal{D}_{ij} = \tt{d[ld*j + i]} @f$; must
     *                be at least `ld` times the number of species in length.
     * @see GasTransport::fitDiffCoeffs()
     */
    virtual void getBinaryDiffCoeffs(const size_t ld, span<double> d) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getBinaryDiffCoeffs",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return the multicomponent diffusion coefficients [m²/s].
    /*!
     * If the transport manager implements a multicomponent diffusion
     * model, then this method returns the array of multicomponent
     * diffusion coefficients. Otherwise it throws an exception.
     *
     * @param[in] ld  Leading dimension of the flattened array `d` used to store the
     *                diffusion coefficient matrix; usually equal to the number of
     *                species.
     * @param[out] d  Diffusion coefficient matrix stored in column-major (Fortran)
     *                order, such that @f$ D_{ij} = \tt{d[ld*j + i]} @f$ is the
     *                diffusion coefficient for species *i* due to concentration
     *                gradients in species *j*; must be at least `ld` times the number
     *                of species in length.
     */
    virtual void getMultiDiffCoeffs(const size_t ld, span<double> d) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMultiDiffCoeffs",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return a vector of mixture averaged diffusion coefficients [m²/s].
    /**
     * Mixture-averaged diffusion coefficients [m^2/s].  If the transport
     * manager implements a mixture-averaged diffusion model, then this method
     * returns the array of mixture-averaged diffusion coefficients. Otherwise
     * it throws an exception.
     *
     * @param d  Return vector of mixture averaged diffusion coefficients; length is
     *     the number of species.
     */
    virtual void getMixDiffCoeffs(span<double> d) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMixDiffCoeffs",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Returns a vector of mixture averaged diffusion coefficients [m²/s].
    virtual void getMixDiffCoeffsMole(span<double> d) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMixDiffCoeffsMole",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Returns a vector of mixture averaged diffusion coefficients [m²/s].
    virtual void getMixDiffCoeffsMass(span<double> d) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getMixDiffCoeffsMass",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return the polynomial fits to the viscosity of species `i`.
    virtual void getViscosityPolynomial(size_t i, span<double> coeffs) const {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getViscosityPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return the temperature fits of the heat conductivity of species `i`.
    virtual void getConductivityPolynomial(size_t i, span<double> coeffs) const {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getConductivityPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return the polynomial fits to the binary diffusivity of species pair (i, j)
    virtual void getBinDiffusivityPolynomial(size_t i, size_t j, span<double> coeffs) const {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getBinDiffusivityPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return the polynomial fits to the collision integral of species pair (i, j)
    virtual void getCollisionIntegralPolynomial(size_t i, size_t j,
        span<double> astar_coeffs, span<double> bstar_coeffs,
        span<double> cstar_coeffs) const
    {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::getCollisionIntegralPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Modify the polynomial fits to the viscosity of species `i`
    virtual void setViscosityPolynomial(size_t i, span<double> coeffs) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::setViscosityPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Modify the temperature fits of the heat conductivity of species `i`
    virtual void setConductivityPolynomial(size_t i, span<double> coeffs) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::setConductivityPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Modify the polynomial fits to the binary diffusivity of species pair (i, j)
    virtual void setBinDiffusivityPolynomial(size_t i, size_t j, span<double> coeffs) {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::setBinDiffusivityPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Modify the polynomial fits to the collision integral of species pair (i, j)
    virtual void setCollisionIntegralPolynomial(size_t i, size_t j,
        span<double> astar_coeffs, span<double> bstar_coeffs,
        span<double> cstar_coeffs, bool flag)
    {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::setCollisionIntegralPolynomial",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! Return the parameters for a phase definition which are needed to
    //! reconstruct an identical object using the newTransport() function. This
    //! excludes the individual species transport properties, which are handled
    //! separately.
    AnyMap parameters() const;
 
    //! Get error metrics about any functional fits calculated for pure species
    //! transport properties.
    //!
    //! See GasTransport::fitDiffCoeffs and GasTransport::fitProperties.
    //!
    //! @warning  This method is an experimental part of the %Cantera API and may be
    //!      changed or removed without notice.
    //! @since New in %Cantera 3.1.
    AnyMap fittingErrors() const { return m_fittingErrors; };
 
    //! @name Transport manager construction
    //!
    //! These methods are used during construction.
    //! @{
 
    //! Initialize a transport manager
    /*!
     * This routine sets up a transport manager. It calculates the collision
     * integrals and populates species-dependent data structures.
     *
     * @param thermo  ThermoPhase object determining conditions for which to compute
     *     transport properties.
     * @param mode  Chemkin compatible mode or not. This alters the
     *     specification of the collision integrals. defaults to no.
     * @since  Changed to use `shared_ptr<ThermoPhase>` in %Cantera 3.2.
     */
    virtual void init(shared_ptr<ThermoPhase> thermo, int mode=0) {}
 
    //! Boolean indicating the form of the transport properties polynomial fits.
    //! Returns true if the Chemkin form is used.
    virtual bool CKMode() const {
        throw NotImplementedError("Transport::CK_Mode",
            "Not implemented for transport model '{}'.", transportModel());
    }
 
    //! @}
 
    //! Invalidate any cached values which are normally updated only when a
    //! change in state is detected
    //! @since New in %Cantera 3.1.
    virtual void invalidateCache() {}
 
protected:
    //! pointer to the object representing the phase
    shared_ptr<ThermoPhase> m_thermo;
 
    //! Number of species in the phase
    size_t m_nsp = 0;
 
    //! Maximum errors associated with fitting pure species transport properties.
    AnyMap m_fittingErrors;
};
 
}
 
#endif