DebyeHuckel.cpp

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/**
 *  @file DebyeHuckel.cpp
 *    Declarations for the DebyeHuckel ThermoPhase object, which models dilute
 *    electrolyte solutions
 *    (see \ref thermoprops and \link Cantera::DebyeHuckel DebyeHuckel \endlink).
 *
 * Class DebyeHuckel represents a dilute liquid electrolyte phase which
 * obeys the Debye Huckel formulation for nonideality.
 */
/*
 * Copyright (2006) Sandia Corporation. Under the terms of
 * Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 with Sandia Corporation, the
 * U.S. Government retains certain rights in this software.
 */

#include "cantera/thermo/DebyeHuckel.h"
#include "cantera/thermo/ThermoFactory.h"
#include "cantera/thermo/PDSS_Water.h"
#include "cantera/thermo/electrolytes.h"
#include "cantera/base/stringUtils.h"
#include "cantera/base/ctml.h"

#include <cstdio>

using namespace std;

namespace Cantera
{

DebyeHuckel::DebyeHuckel() :
    m_formDH(DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT),
    m_formGC(2),
    m_IionicMolality(0.0),
    m_maxIionicStrength(30.0),
    m_useHelgesonFixedForm(false),
    m_IionicMolalityStoich(0.0),
    m_form_A_Debye(A_DEBYE_CONST),
    m_A_Debye(1.172576),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol)
    m_B_Debye(3.28640E9),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol) / m
    m_waterSS(0),
    m_densWaterSS(1000.),
    m_waterProps(0)
{

    m_npActCoeff.resize(3);
    m_npActCoeff[0] = 0.1127;
    m_npActCoeff[1] = -0.01049;
    m_npActCoeff[2] = 1.545E-3;
}

DebyeHuckel::DebyeHuckel(const std::string& inputFile,
                         const std::string& id_) :
    m_formDH(DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT),
    m_formGC(2),
    m_IionicMolality(0.0),
    m_maxIionicStrength(30.0),
    m_useHelgesonFixedForm(false),
    m_IionicMolalityStoich(0.0),
    m_form_A_Debye(A_DEBYE_CONST),
    m_A_Debye(1.172576),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol)
    m_B_Debye(3.28640E9),  // units = sqrt(kg/gmol) / m
    m_waterSS(0),
    m_densWaterSS(1000.),
    m_waterProps(0)
{
    m_npActCoeff.resize(3);
    m_npActCoeff[0] = 0.1127;
    m_npActCoeff[1] = -0.01049;
    m_npActCoeff[2] = 1.545E-3;
    initThermoFile(inputFile, id_);
}

DebyeHuckel::DebyeHuckel(XML_Node& phaseRoot, const std::string& id_) :
    m_formDH(DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT),
    m_formGC(2),
    m_IionicMolality(0.0),
    m_maxIionicStrength(3.0),
    m_useHelgesonFixedForm(false),
    m_IionicMolalityStoich(0.0),
    m_form_A_Debye(A_DEBYE_CONST),
    m_A_Debye(1.172576),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol)
    m_B_Debye(3.28640E9),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol) / m
    m_waterSS(0),
    m_densWaterSS(1000.),
    m_waterProps(0)
{
    m_npActCoeff.resize(3);
    m_npActCoeff[0] = 0.1127;
    m_npActCoeff[1] = -0.01049;
    m_npActCoeff[2] = 1.545E-3;
    importPhase(*findXMLPhase(&phaseRoot, id_), this);
}

DebyeHuckel::DebyeHuckel(const DebyeHuckel& b) :
    m_formDH(DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT),
    m_formGC(2),
    m_IionicMolality(0.0),
    m_maxIionicStrength(30.0),
    m_useHelgesonFixedForm(false),
    m_IionicMolalityStoich(0.0),
    m_form_A_Debye(A_DEBYE_CONST),
    m_A_Debye(1.172576),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol)
    m_B_Debye(3.28640E9),   // units = sqrt(kg/gmol) / m
    m_waterSS(0),
    m_densWaterSS(1000.),
    m_waterProps(0)
{
    /*
     * Use the assignment operator to do the brunt
     * of the work for the copy constructor.
     */
    *this = b;
}

DebyeHuckel& DebyeHuckel::operator=(const DebyeHuckel& b)
{
    if (&b != this) {
        MolalityVPSSTP::operator=(b);
        m_formDH              = b.m_formDH;
        m_formGC              = b.m_formGC;
        m_Aionic              = b.m_Aionic;
        m_npActCoeff          = b.m_npActCoeff;
        m_IionicMolality      = b.m_IionicMolality;
        m_maxIionicStrength   = b.m_maxIionicStrength;
        m_useHelgesonFixedForm= b.m_useHelgesonFixedForm;
        m_IionicMolalityStoich= b.m_IionicMolalityStoich;
        m_form_A_Debye        = b.m_form_A_Debye;
        m_A_Debye             = b.m_A_Debye;
        m_B_Debye             = b.m_B_Debye;
        m_B_Dot               = b.m_B_Dot;
        m_npActCoeff          = b.m_npActCoeff;

        // This is an internal shallow copy of the PDSS_Water pointer
        m_waterSS = dynamic_cast<PDSS_Water*>(providePDSS(0)) ;
        if (!m_waterSS) {
            throw CanteraError("DebyHuckel::operator=()", "Dynamic cast to waterPDSS failed");
        }

        m_densWaterSS         = b.m_densWaterSS;

        delete m_waterProps;
        m_waterProps = 0;
        if (b.m_waterProps) {
            m_waterProps = new WaterProps(m_waterSS);
        }

        m_pp                  = b.m_pp;
        m_tmpV                = b.m_tmpV;
        m_speciesCharge_Stoich= b.m_speciesCharge_Stoich;
        m_Beta_ij             = b.m_Beta_ij;
        m_lnActCoeffMolal     = b.m_lnActCoeffMolal;
        m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2= b.m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2;
    }
    return *this;
}

DebyeHuckel::~DebyeHuckel()
{
    delete m_waterProps;
    m_waterProps = 0;
}

ThermoPhase* DebyeHuckel::duplMyselfAsThermoPhase() const
{
    return new DebyeHuckel(*this);
}

int DebyeHuckel::eosType() const
{
    int res;
    switch (m_formGC) {
    case 0:
        res = cDebyeHuckel0;
        break;
    case 1:
        res = cDebyeHuckel1;
        break;
    case 2:
        res = cDebyeHuckel2;
        break;
    default:
        throw CanteraError("eosType", "Unknown type");
        break;
    }
    return res;
}

//
// -------- Molar Thermodynamic Properties of the Solution ---------------
//
doublereal DebyeHuckel::enthalpy_mole() const
{
    getPartialMolarEnthalpies(DATA_PTR(m_tmpV));
    return mean_X(m_tmpV);
}

doublereal DebyeHuckel::entropy_mole() const
{
    getPartialMolarEntropies(DATA_PTR(m_tmpV));
    return mean_X(m_tmpV);
}

doublereal DebyeHuckel::gibbs_mole() const
{
    getChemPotentials(DATA_PTR(m_tmpV));
    return mean_X(m_tmpV);
}

doublereal DebyeHuckel::cp_mole() const
{
    getPartialMolarCp(DATA_PTR(m_tmpV));
    return mean_X(m_tmpV);
}

doublereal DebyeHuckel::cv_mole() const
{
    throw NotImplementedError("DebyeHuckel::cv_mole");
    //getPartialMolarCv(m_tmpV.begin());
    //return mean_X(m_tmpV.begin());
}

//
// ------- Mechanical Equation of State Properties ------------------------
//

doublereal DebyeHuckel::pressure() const
{
    return m_Pcurrent;
}

void DebyeHuckel::setPressure(doublereal p)
{
    setState_TP(temperature(), p);
}

void DebyeHuckel::setState_TP(doublereal t, doublereal p)
{

    Phase::setTemperature(t);
    /*
     * Store the current pressure
     */
    m_Pcurrent = p;

    /*
     * update the standard state thermo
     * -> This involves calling the water function and setting the pressure
     */
    _updateStandardStateThermo();

    /*
     * Calculate all of the other standard volumes
     * -> note these are constant for now
     */
    calcDensity();
}

void DebyeHuckel::calcDensity()
{
    if (m_waterSS) {

        /*
         * Store the internal density of the water SS.
         * Note, we would have to do this for all other
         * species if they had pressure dependent properties.
         */
        m_densWaterSS = m_waterSS->density();
    }
    double* vbar = &m_pp[0];
    getPartialMolarVolumes(vbar);
    double* x = &m_tmpV[0];
    getMoleFractions(x);
    doublereal vtotal = 0.0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_kk; i++) {
        vtotal += vbar[i] * x[i];
    }
    doublereal dd = meanMolecularWeight() / vtotal;
    Phase::setDensity(dd);
}

void DebyeHuckel::setDensity(doublereal rho)
{
    double dens = density();
    if (rho != dens) {
        throw CanteraError("Idea;MolalSoln::setDensity",
                           "Density is not an independent variable");
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::setMolarDensity(const doublereal conc)
{
    double concI = molarDensity();
    if (conc != concI) {
        throw CanteraError("Idea;MolalSoln::setMolarDensity",
                           "molarDensity/density is not an independent variable");
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::setTemperature(const doublereal temp)
{
    setState_TP(temp, m_Pcurrent);
}

//
// ------- Activities and Activity Concentrations
//

void DebyeHuckel::getActivityConcentrations(doublereal* c) const
{
    double c_solvent = standardConcentration();
    getActivities(c);
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        c[k] *= c_solvent;
    }
}

doublereal DebyeHuckel::standardConcentration(size_t k) const
{
    double mvSolvent = m_speciesSize[m_indexSolvent];
    return 1.0 / mvSolvent;
}

void DebyeHuckel::getUnitsStandardConc(double* uA, int k, int sizeUA) const
{
    warn_deprecated("DebyeHuckel::getUnitsStandardConc",
                    "To be removed after Cantera 2.2.");
    for (int i = 0; i < sizeUA; i++) {
        if (i == 0) {
            uA[0] = 1.0;
        }
        if (i == 1) {
            uA[1] = -int(nDim());
        }
        if (i == 2) {
            uA[2] = 0.0;
        }
        if (i == 3) {
            uA[3] = 0.0;
        }
        if (i == 4) {
            uA[4] = 0.0;
        }
        if (i == 5) {
            uA[5] = 0.0;
        }
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::getActivities(doublereal* ac) const
{
    _updateStandardStateThermo();
    /*
     * Update the molality array, m_molalities()
     *   This requires an update due to mole fractions
     */
    s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
            ac[k] = m_molalities[k] * exp(m_lnActCoeffMolal[k]);
        }
    }
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    ac[m_indexSolvent] =
        exp(m_lnActCoeffMolal[m_indexSolvent]) * xmolSolvent;
}

void DebyeHuckel::getMolalityActivityCoefficients(doublereal* acMolality) const
{
    _updateStandardStateThermo();
    A_Debye_TP(-1.0, -1.0);
    s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
    copy(m_lnActCoeffMolal.begin(), m_lnActCoeffMolal.end(), acMolality);
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        acMolality[k] = exp(acMolality[k]);
    }
}

//
// ------ Partial Molar Properties of the Solution -----------------
//
void DebyeHuckel::getChemPotentials(doublereal* mu) const
{
    double xx;
    /*
     * First get the standard chemical potentials in
     * molar form.
     *  -> this requires updates of standard state as a function
     *     of T and P
     */
    getStandardChemPotentials(mu);
    /*
     * Update the activity coefficients
     * This also updates the internal molality array.
     */
    s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
    doublereal RT = GasConstant * temperature();
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        if (m_indexSolvent != k) {
            xx = std::max(m_molalities[k], SmallNumber);
            mu[k] += RT * (log(xx) + m_lnActCoeffMolal[k]);
        }
    }
    xx = std::max(xmolSolvent, SmallNumber);
    mu[m_indexSolvent] +=
        RT * (log(xx) + m_lnActCoeffMolal[m_indexSolvent]);
}

void DebyeHuckel::getPartialMolarEnthalpies(doublereal* hbar) const
{
    /*
     * Get the nondimensional standard state enthalpies
     */
    getEnthalpy_RT(hbar);
    /*
     * Dimensionalize it.
     */
    double T = temperature();
    double RT = GasConstant * T;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        hbar[k] *= RT;
    }
    /*
     * Check to see whether activity coefficients are temperature
     * dependent. If they are, then calculate the their temperature
     * derivatives and add them into the result.
     */
    double dAdT = dA_DebyedT_TP();
    if (dAdT != 0.0) {
        /*
         * Update the activity coefficients, This also update the
         * internally stored molalities.
         */
        s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
        s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dT();
        double RTT = GasConstant * T * T;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            hbar[k] -= RTT * m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k];
        }
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::getPartialMolarEntropies(doublereal* sbar) const
{
    /*
     * Get the standard state entropies at the temperature
     * and pressure of the solution.
     */
    getEntropy_R(sbar);
    /*
     * Dimensionalize the entropies
     */
    doublereal R = GasConstant;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        sbar[k] *= R;
    }
    /*
     * Update the activity coefficients, This also update the
     * internally stored molalities.
     */
    s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
    /*
     * First we will add in the obvious dependence on the T
     * term out front of the log activity term
     */
    doublereal mm;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
            mm = std::max(SmallNumber, m_molalities[k]);
            sbar[k] -= R * (log(mm) + m_lnActCoeffMolal[k]);
        }
    }
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    mm = std::max(SmallNumber, xmolSolvent);
    sbar[m_indexSolvent] -= R *(log(mm) + m_lnActCoeffMolal[m_indexSolvent]);
    /*
     * Check to see whether activity coefficients are temperature
     * dependent. If they are, then calculate the their temperature
     * derivatives and add them into the result.
     */
    double dAdT = dA_DebyedT_TP();
    if (dAdT != 0.0) {
        s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dT();
        double RT = R * temperature();
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            sbar[k] -= RT * m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k];
        }
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::getPartialMolarVolumes(doublereal* vbar) const
{
    getStandardVolumes(vbar);
    /*
     * Update the derivatives wrt the activity coefficients.
     */
    s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
    s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dP();
    double T = temperature();
    double RT = GasConstant * T;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        vbar[k] += RT * m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k];
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::getPartialMolarCp(doublereal* cpbar) const
{
    /*
     * Get the nondimensional Gibbs standard state of the
     * species at the T and P of the solution.
     */
    getCp_R(cpbar);

    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        cpbar[k] *= GasConstant;
    }

    /*
     * Check to see whether activity coefficients are temperature
     * dependent. If they are, then calculate the their temperature
     * derivatives and add them into the result.
     */
    double dAdT = dA_DebyedT_TP();
    if (dAdT != 0.0) {
        /*
         * Update the activity coefficients, This also update the
         * internally stored molalities.
         */
        s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff();
        s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dT();
        s_update_d2lnMolalityActCoeff_dT2();
        double T = temperature();
        double RT = GasConstant * T;
        double RTT = RT * T;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            cpbar[k] -= (2.0 * RT * m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] +
                         RTT * m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k]);
        }
    }
}

/*
 *  -------------- Utilities -------------------------------
 */

void DebyeHuckel::initThermo()
{
    MolalityVPSSTP::initThermo();
    initLengths();
}

//! Utility function to assign an integer value from a string for the ElectrolyteSpeciesType field.
/*!
 *  @param estString  input string that will be interpreted
 */
static int interp_est(const std::string& estString)
{
    const char* cc = estString.c_str();
    string lc = lowercase(estString);
    const char* ccl = lc.c_str();
    if (!strcmp(ccl, "solvent")) {
        return cEST_solvent;
    } else if (!strcmp(ccl, "chargedspecies")) {
        return cEST_chargedSpecies;
    } else if (!strcmp(ccl, "weakacidassociated")) {
        return cEST_weakAcidAssociated;
    } else if (!strcmp(ccl, "strongacidassociated")) {
        return cEST_strongAcidAssociated;
    } else if (!strcmp(ccl, "polarneutral")) {
        return cEST_polarNeutral;
    } else if (!strcmp(ccl, "nonpolarneutral")) {
        return cEST_nonpolarNeutral;
    }
    int retn, rval;
    if ((retn = sscanf(cc, "%d", &rval)) != 1) {
        return -1;
    }
    return rval;
}

void DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML(XML_Node& phaseNode, const std::string& id_)
{
    if (id_.size() > 0) {
        std::string idp = phaseNode.id();
        if (idp != id_) {
            throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                               "phasenode and Id are incompatible");
        }
    }

    /*
     * Find the Thermo XML node
     */
    if (!phaseNode.hasChild("thermo")) {
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                           "no thermo XML node");
    }
    XML_Node& thermoNode = phaseNode.child("thermo");

    /*
     * Determine the form of the Debye-Huckel model,
     * m_formDH.  We will use this information to size arrays below.
     */
    if (thermoNode.hasChild("activityCoefficients")) {
        XML_Node& scNode = thermoNode.child("activityCoefficients");
        m_formDH = DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT;
        std::string formString = scNode.attrib("model");
        if (formString != "") {
            if (formString == "Dilute_limit") {
                m_formDH = DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT;
            } else if (formString == "Bdot_with_variable_a") {
                m_formDH = DHFORM_BDOT_AK  ;
            } else if (formString == "Bdot_with_common_a") {
                m_formDH = DHFORM_BDOT_ACOMMON;
            } else if (formString == "Beta_ij") {
                m_formDH = DHFORM_BETAIJ;
            } else if (formString == "Pitzer_with_Beta_ij") {
                m_formDH = DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ;
            } else {
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                   "Unknown standardConc model: " + formString);
            }
        }
    } else {
        /*
         * If there is no XML node named "activityCoefficients", assume
         * that we are doing the extreme dilute limit assumption
         */
        m_formDH = DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT;
    }

    /*
     * Possibly change the form of the standard concentrations
     */
    if (thermoNode.hasChild("standardConc")) {
        XML_Node& scNode = thermoNode.child("standardConc");
        m_formGC = 2;
        std::string formString = scNode.attrib("model");
        if (formString != "") {
            if (formString == "unity") {
                m_formGC = 0;
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                   "standardConc = unity not done");
            } else if (formString == "molar_volume") {
                m_formGC = 1;
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                   "standardConc = molar_volume not done");
            } else if (formString == "solvent_volume") {
                m_formGC = 2;
            } else {
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                   "Unknown standardConc model: " + formString);
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Reconcile the solvent name and index.
     */
    /*
     * Get the Name of the Solvent:
     *      <solvent> solventName </solvent>
     */
    std::string solventName = "";
    if (thermoNode.hasChild("solvent")) {
        XML_Node& scNode = thermoNode.child("solvent");
        vector<std::string> nameSolventa;
        getStringArray(scNode, nameSolventa);
        if (nameSolventa.size() != 1) {
            throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                               "badly formed solvent XML node");
        }
        solventName = nameSolventa[0];
    }
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        std::string sname = speciesName(k);
        if (solventName == sname) {
            m_indexSolvent = k;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (m_indexSolvent == npos) {
        cout << "DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML: Solvent Name not found"
             << endl;
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                           "Solvent name not found");
    }
    if (m_indexSolvent != 0) {
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                           "Solvent " + solventName +
                           " should be first species");
    }

    /*
     * Initialize all of the lengths of arrays in the object
     * now that we know what species are in the phase.
     */
    initThermo();

    /*
     * Now go get the specification of the standard states for
     * species in the solution. This includes the molar volumes
     * data blocks for incompressible species.
     */
    XML_Node& speciesList = phaseNode.child("speciesArray");
    XML_Node* speciesDB =
        get_XML_NameID("speciesData", speciesList["datasrc"],
                       &phaseNode.root());
    const vector<string>&sss = speciesNames();

    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        XML_Node* s =  speciesDB->findByAttr("name", sss[k]);
        if (!s) {
            throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                               "Species Data Base " + sss[k] + " not found");
        }
        XML_Node* ss = s->findByName("standardState");
        if (!ss) {
            throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                               "Species " + sss[k] +
                               " standardState XML block  not found");
        }
        std::string modelStringa = ss->attrib("model");
        if (modelStringa == "") {
            throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                               "Species " + sss[k] +
                               " standardState XML block model attribute not found");
        }
        std::string modelString = lowercase(modelStringa);

        if (k == 0) {
            if (modelString == "wateriapws" || modelString == "real_water" ||
                    modelString == "waterpdss") {
                /*
                 * Initialize the water standard state model
                 */
                m_waterSS = dynamic_cast<PDSS_Water*>(providePDSS(0)) ;
                if (!m_waterSS) {
                    throw CanteraError("HMWSoln::installThermoXML",
                                       "Dynamic cast to PDSS_Water failed");
                }
                /*
                 * Fill in the molar volume of water (m3/kmol)
                 * at standard conditions to fill in the m_speciesSize entry
                 * with something reasonable.
                 */
                m_waterSS->setState_TP(300., OneAtm);
                double dens = m_waterSS->density();
                double mw = m_waterSS->molecularWeight();
                m_speciesSize[0] = mw / dens;
#ifdef DEBUG_MODE_NOT
                cout << "Solvent species " << sss[k] << " has volume " <<
                     m_speciesSize[k] << endl;
#endif
            } else if (modelString == "constant_incompressible") {
                m_speciesSize[k] = getFloat(*ss, "molarVolume", "toSi");
#ifdef DEBUG_MODE_NOT
                cout << "species " << sss[k] << " has volume " <<
                     m_speciesSize[k] << endl;
#endif
            } else {
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                   "Solvent SS Model \"" + modelStringa +
                                   "\" is not known");
            }
        } else {
            if (modelString != "constant_incompressible") {
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                   "Solute SS Model \"" + modelStringa +
                                   "\" is not known");
            }
            m_speciesSize[k] = getFloat(*ss, "molarVolume", "toSI");
#ifdef DEBUG_MODE_NOT
            cout << "species " << sss[k] << " has volume " <<
                 m_speciesSize[k] << endl;
#endif
        }

    }

    /*
     * Go get all of the coefficients and factors in the
     * activityCoefficients XML block
     */
    XML_Node* acNodePtr = 0;
    if (thermoNode.hasChild("activityCoefficients")) {
        XML_Node& acNode = thermoNode.child("activityCoefficients");
        acNodePtr = &acNode;
        /*
         * Look for parameters for A_Debye
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("A_Debye")) {
            XML_Node* ss = acNode.findByName("A_Debye");
            string modelStringa = ss->attrib("model");
            string modelString = lowercase(modelStringa);
            if (modelString != "") {
                if (modelString == "water") {
                    m_form_A_Debye = A_DEBYE_WATER;
                } else {
                    throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML",
                                       "A_Debye Model \"" + modelStringa +
                                       "\" is not known");
                }
            } else {
                m_A_Debye = getFloat(acNode, "A_Debye");
#ifdef DEBUG_HKM_NOT
                cout << "A_Debye = " << m_A_Debye << endl;
#endif
            }
        }

        /*
         * Initialize the water property calculator. It will share
         * the internal eos water calculator.
         */
        if (m_form_A_Debye == A_DEBYE_WATER) {
            delete m_waterProps;
            m_waterProps = new WaterProps(m_waterSS);
        }

        /*
         * Look for parameters for B_Debye
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("B_Debye")) {
            m_B_Debye = getFloat(acNode, "B_Debye");
#ifdef DEBUG_HKM_NOT
            cout << "B_Debye = " << m_B_Debye << endl;
#endif
        }

        /*
         * Look for parameters for B_dot
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("B_dot")) {
            if (m_formDH == DHFORM_BETAIJ ||
                    m_formDH == DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT ||
                    m_formDH == DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ) {
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel:init",
                                   "B_dot entry in the wrong DH form");
            }
            double bdot_common = getFloat(acNode, "B_dot");
#ifdef DEBUG_HKM_NOT
            cout << "B_dot = " << bdot_common << endl;
#endif
            /*
             * Set B_dot parameters for charged species
             */
            for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
                double z_k = charge(k);
                if (fabs(z_k) > 0.0001) {
                    m_B_Dot[k] = bdot_common;
                } else {
                    m_B_Dot[k] = 0.0;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
         * Look for Parameters for the Maximum Ionic Strength
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("maxIonicStrength")) {
            m_maxIionicStrength = getFloat(acNode, "maxIonicStrength");
#ifdef DEBUG_HKM_NOT
            cout << "m_maxIionicStrength = "
                 <<m_maxIionicStrength << endl;
#endif
        }

        /*
         * Look for Helgeson Parameters
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("UseHelgesonFixedForm")) {
            m_useHelgesonFixedForm = true;
        } else {
            m_useHelgesonFixedForm = false;
        }

        /*
         * Look for parameters for the Ionic radius
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("ionicRadius")) {
            XML_Node& irNode = acNode.child("ionicRadius");

            double Afactor = 1.0;
            if (irNode.hasAttrib("units")) {
                std::string Aunits = irNode.attrib("units");
                Afactor = toSI(Aunits);
            }

            if (irNode.hasAttrib("default")) {
                std::string ads = irNode.attrib("default");
                double ad = fpValue(ads);
                for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
                    m_Aionic[k] = ad * Afactor;
                }
            }

            /*
             * If the Debye-Huckel form is BDOT_AK, we can
             * have separate values for the denominator's ionic
             * size. -> That's how the activity coefficient is
             * parameterized. In this case only do we allow the
             * code to read in these parameters.
             */
            if (m_formDH == DHFORM_BDOT_AK) {
                /*
                 * Define a string-string map, and interpret the
                 * value of the XML element as binary pairs separated
                 * by colons, e.g.:
                 *      Na+:3.0
                 *      Cl-:4.0
                 *      H+:9.0
                 *      OH-:3.5
                 * Read them into the map.
                 */
                map<string, string> m;
                getMap(irNode, m);
                /*
                 * Iterate over the map pairs, interpreting the
                 * first string as a species in the current phase.
                 * If no match is made, silently ignore the
                 * lack of agreement (HKM -> may be changed in the
                 * future).
                 */
                for (map<std::string,std::string>::const_iterator _b = m.begin();
                    _b != m.end();
                    ++_b) {
                    size_t kk = speciesIndex(_b->first);
                    m_Aionic[kk] = fpValue(_b->second) * Afactor;

                }
            }
        }
        /*
         * Get the matrix of coefficients for the Beta
         * binary interaction parameters. We assume here that
         * this matrix is symmetric, so that we only have to
         * input 1/2 of the values.
         */
        if (acNode.hasChild("DHBetaMatrix")) {
            if (m_formDH == DHFORM_BETAIJ ||
                    m_formDH == DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ) {
                XML_Node& irNode = acNode.child("DHBetaMatrix");
                const vector<string>& sn = speciesNames();
                getMatrixValues(irNode, sn, sn, m_Beta_ij, true, true);
            } else {
                throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::initThermoXML:",
                                   "DHBetaMatrix found for wrong type");
            }
        }

        /*
         * Fill in parameters for the calculation of the
         * stoichiometric Ionic Strength
         *
         * The default is that stoich charge is the same as the
         * regular charge.
         */
        m_speciesCharge_Stoich.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_speciesCharge_Stoich[k] = m_speciesCharge[k];
        }
        /*
         * First look at the species database.
         *  -> Look for the subelement "stoichIsMods"
         *     in each of the species SS databases.
         */
        std::vector<const XML_Node*> xspecies= speciesData();
        size_t jj = xspecies.size();
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            size_t jmap = npos;
            std::string kname = speciesName(k);
            for (size_t j = 0; j < jj; j++) {
                const XML_Node& sp = *xspecies[j];
                std::string jname = sp["name"];
                if (jname == kname) {
                    jmap = j;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (jmap != npos) {
                const XML_Node& sp = *xspecies[jmap];
                if (sp.hasChild("stoichIsMods")) {
                    double val = getFloat(sp, "stoichIsMods");
                    m_speciesCharge_Stoich[k] = val;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
         * Now look at the activity coefficient database
         */
        if (acNodePtr) {
            if (acNodePtr->hasChild("stoichIsMods")) {
                XML_Node& sIsNode = acNodePtr->child("stoichIsMods");

                map<std::string, std::string> msIs;
                getMap(sIsNode, msIs);
                for (map<std::string,std::string>::const_iterator _b = msIs.begin();
                    _b != msIs.end();
                    ++_b) {
                    size_t kk = speciesIndex(_b->first);
                    double val = fpValue(_b->second);
                    m_speciesCharge_Stoich[kk] = val;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Fill in the vector specifying the electrolyte species
     * type
     *
     *   First fill in default values. Everything is either
     *   a charge species, a nonpolar neutral, or the solvent.
     */
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        if (fabs(m_speciesCharge[k]) > 0.0001) {
            m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k] = cEST_chargedSpecies;
            if (fabs(m_speciesCharge_Stoich[k] - m_speciesCharge[k])
                    > 0.0001) {
                m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k] = cEST_weakAcidAssociated;
            }
        } else if (fabs(m_speciesCharge_Stoich[k]) > 0.0001) {
            m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k] = cEST_weakAcidAssociated;
        } else {
            m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k] = cEST_nonpolarNeutral;
        }
    }
    m_electrolyteSpeciesType[m_indexSolvent] = cEST_solvent;
    /*
     * First look at the species database.
     *  -> Look for the subelement "stoichIsMods"
     *     in each of the species SS databases.
     */
    std::vector<const XML_Node*> xspecies= speciesData();
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        std::string kname = speciesName(k);
        const XML_Node* spPtr = xspecies[k];
        if (spPtr) {
            if (spPtr->hasChild("electrolyteSpeciesType")) {
                std::string est = getChildValue(*spPtr, "electrolyteSpeciesType");
                if ((m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k] = interp_est(est)) == -1) {
                    throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel:initThermoXML",
                                       "Bad electrolyte type: " + est);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /*
     * Then look at the phase thermo specification
     */
    if (acNodePtr) {
        if (acNodePtr->hasChild("electrolyteSpeciesType")) {
            XML_Node& ESTNode = acNodePtr->child("electrolyteSpeciesType");
            map<std::string, std::string> msEST;
            getMap(ESTNode, msEST);
            for (map<std::string,std::string>::const_iterator _b = msEST.begin();
                _b != msEST.end();
                ++_b) {
                size_t kk = speciesIndex(_b->first);
                std::string est = _b->second;
                if ((m_electrolyteSpeciesType[kk] = interp_est(est))  == -1) {
                    throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel:initThermoXML",
                                       "Bad electrolyte type: " + est);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Lastly set the state
     */
    if (phaseNode.hasChild("state")) {
        XML_Node& stateNode = phaseNode.child("state");
        setStateFromXML(stateNode);
    }

}

double DebyeHuckel::A_Debye_TP(double tempArg, double presArg) const
{
    double T = temperature();
    double A;
    if (tempArg != -1.0) {
        T = tempArg;
    }
    double P = pressure();
    if (presArg != -1.0) {
        P = presArg;
    }

    switch (m_form_A_Debye) {
    case A_DEBYE_CONST:
        A = m_A_Debye;
        break;
    case A_DEBYE_WATER:
        A = m_waterProps->ADebye(T, P, 0);
        m_A_Debye = A;
        break;
    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::A_Debye_TP", "shouldn't be here");
    }
    return A;
}

double DebyeHuckel::dA_DebyedT_TP(double tempArg, double presArg) const
{
    double T = temperature();
    if (tempArg != -1.0) {
        T = tempArg;
    }
    double P = pressure();
    if (presArg != -1.0) {
        P = presArg;
    }
    double dAdT;
    switch (m_form_A_Debye) {
    case A_DEBYE_CONST:
        dAdT = 0.0;
        break;
    case A_DEBYE_WATER:
        dAdT = m_waterProps->ADebye(T, P, 1);
        break;
    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::dA_DebyedT_TP", "shouldn't be here");
    }
    return dAdT;
}

double DebyeHuckel::d2A_DebyedT2_TP(double tempArg, double presArg) const
{
    double T = temperature();
    if (tempArg != -1.0) {
        T = tempArg;
    }
    double P = pressure();
    if (presArg != -1.0) {
        P = presArg;
    }
    double d2AdT2;
    switch (m_form_A_Debye) {
    case A_DEBYE_CONST:
        d2AdT2 = 0.0;
        break;
    case A_DEBYE_WATER:
        d2AdT2 = m_waterProps->ADebye(T, P, 2);
        break;
    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::d2A_DebyedT2_TP", "shouldn't be here");
    }
    return d2AdT2;
}

double DebyeHuckel::dA_DebyedP_TP(double tempArg, double presArg) const
{
    double T = temperature();
    if (tempArg != -1.0) {
        T = tempArg;
    }
    double P = pressure();
    if (presArg != -1.0) {
        P = presArg;
    }
    double dAdP;
    switch (m_form_A_Debye) {
    case A_DEBYE_CONST:
        dAdP = 0.0;
        break;
    case A_DEBYE_WATER:
        dAdP = m_waterProps->ADebye(T, P, 3);
        break;
    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::dA_DebyedP_TP", "shouldn't be here");
    }
    return dAdP;
}

/*
 * ---------- Other Property Functions
 */

double DebyeHuckel::AionicRadius(int k) const
{
    return m_Aionic[k];
}

/*
 * ------------ Private and Restricted Functions ------------------
 */

void DebyeHuckel::initLengths()
{
    /*
     * Obtain the limits of the temperature from the species
     * thermo handler's limits.
     */
    m_electrolyteSpeciesType.resize(m_kk, cEST_polarNeutral);
    m_speciesSize.resize(m_kk);
    m_Aionic.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_lnActCoeffMolal.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_B_Dot.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_pp.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    m_tmpV.resize(m_kk, 0.0);
    if (m_formDH == DHFORM_BETAIJ ||
            m_formDH == DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ) {
        m_Beta_ij.resize(m_kk, m_kk, 0.0);
    }
}

double DebyeHuckel::_nonpolarActCoeff(double IionicMolality) const
{
    double I2 = IionicMolality * IionicMolality;
    double l10actCoeff =
        m_npActCoeff[0] * IionicMolality +
        m_npActCoeff[1] * I2 +
        m_npActCoeff[2] * I2 * IionicMolality;
    return pow(10.0 , l10actCoeff);
}

double DebyeHuckel::_osmoticCoeffHelgesonFixedForm() const
{
    const double a0 = 1.454;
    const double b0 = 0.02236;
    const double c0 = 9.380E-3;
    const double d0 = -5.362E-4;
    double Is = m_IionicMolalityStoich;
    if (Is <= 0.0) {
        return 0.0;
    }
    double Is2 = Is * Is;
    double bhat = 1.0 + a0 * sqrt(Is);
    double func = bhat - 2.0 * log(bhat) - 1.0/bhat;
    double v1 = m_A_Debye / (a0 * a0 * a0 * Is) * func;
    double oc = 1.0 - v1 + b0 * Is / 2.0 + 2.0 * c0 * Is2 / 3.0
                + 3.0 * d0 * Is2 * Is / 4.0;
    return oc;
}

double DebyeHuckel::_lnactivityWaterHelgesonFixedForm() const
{
    /*
     * Update the internally stored vector of molalities
     */
    calcMolalities();
    double oc = _osmoticCoeffHelgesonFixedForm();
    double sum = 0.0;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
            sum += std::max(m_molalities[k], 0.0);
        }
    }
    if (sum > 2.0 * m_maxIionicStrength) {
        sum = 2.0 *  m_maxIionicStrength;
    };
    return - m_Mnaught * sum * oc;
}

void DebyeHuckel::s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff() const
{
    double z_k, zs_k1, zs_k2;
    /*
     * Update the internally stored vector of molalities
     */
    calcMolalities();
    /*
     * Calculate the apparent (real) ionic strength.
     *
     * Note this is not the stoichiometric ionic strengh,
     * where reactions of ions forming neutral salts
     * are ignorred in calculating the ionic strength.
     */
    m_IionicMolality = 0.0;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
        m_IionicMolality += m_molalities[k] * z_k * z_k;
    }
    m_IionicMolality /= 2.0;
    m_IionicMolality = std::min(m_IionicMolality, m_maxIionicStrength);

    /*
     * Calculate the stoichiometric ionic charge
     */
    m_IionicMolalityStoich = 0.0;
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
        z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
        zs_k1 =  m_speciesCharge_Stoich[k];
        if (z_k == zs_k1) {
            m_IionicMolalityStoich += m_molalities[k] * z_k * z_k;
        } else {
            zs_k2 = z_k - zs_k1;
            m_IionicMolalityStoich
            += m_molalities[k] * (zs_k1 * zs_k1 + zs_k2 * zs_k2);
        }
    }
    m_IionicMolalityStoich /= 2.0;
    m_IionicMolalityStoich = std::min(m_IionicMolalityStoich, m_maxIionicStrength);

    /*
     * Possibly update the stored value of the
     * Debye-Huckel parameter A_Debye
     * This parameter appears on the top of the activity
     * coefficient expression.
     * It depends on T (and P), as it depends explicitly
     * on the temperature. Also, the dielectric constant
     * is usually a fairly strong function of T, also.
     */
    m_A_Debye = A_Debye_TP();

    /*
     * Calculate a safe value for the mole fraction
     * of the solvent
     */
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    xmolSolvent = std::max(8.689E-3, xmolSolvent);

    int est;
    double ac_nonPolar = 1.0;
    double numTmp = m_A_Debye * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
    double denomTmp = m_B_Debye * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
    double coeff;
    double lnActivitySolvent = 0.0;
    double tmp;
    double tmpLn;
    double y, yp1, sigma;
    switch (m_formDH) {
    case DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT:
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] = - z_k * z_k * numTmp;
        }
        lnActivitySolvent =
            (xmolSolvent - 1.0)/xmolSolvent +
            2.0 / 3.0 * m_A_Debye * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_AK:
        ac_nonPolar = _nonpolarActCoeff(m_IionicMolality);
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            est = m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k];
            if (est == cEST_nonpolarNeutral) {
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] = log(ac_nonPolar);
            } else {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp * m_Aionic[k])
                    + log(10.0) * m_B_Dot[k] * m_IionicMolality;
            }
        }

        lnActivitySolvent = (xmolSolvent - 1.0)/xmolSolvent;
        coeff = 2.0 / 3.0 * m_A_Debye * m_Mnaught
                * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
        tmp = 0.0;
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
                if (k != m_indexSolvent || m_Aionic[k] != 0.0) {
                    y = denomTmp * m_Aionic[k];
                    yp1 = y + 1.0;
                    sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
                    z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                    tmp += m_molalities[k] * z_k * z_k * sigma / 2.0;
                }
            }
        }
        lnActivitySolvent += coeff * tmp;
        tmp = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            if ((k != m_indexSolvent) && (z_k != 0.0)) {
                tmp +=  m_B_Dot[k] * m_molalities[k];
            }
        }
        lnActivitySolvent -=
            m_Mnaught * log(10.0) * m_IionicMolality * tmp / 2.0;

        /*
         * Special section to implement the Helgeson fixed form
         * for the water brine activity coefficient.
         */
        if (m_useHelgesonFixedForm) {
            lnActivitySolvent = _lnactivityWaterHelgesonFixedForm();
        }
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_ACOMMON:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] =
                - z_k * z_k * numTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp)
                + log(10.0) * m_B_Dot[k] * m_IionicMolality;
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        lnActivitySolvent =
            (xmolSolvent - 1.0)/xmolSolvent +
            2.0 /3.0 * m_A_Debye * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrt(m_IionicMolality) * sigma;
        tmp = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            if ((k != m_indexSolvent) && (z_k != 0.0)) {
                tmp +=  m_B_Dot[k] * m_molalities[k];
            }
        }
        lnActivitySolvent -=
            m_Mnaught * log(10.0) * m_IionicMolality * tmp / 2.0;

        break;

    case DHFORM_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp = m_B_Debye * m_Aionic[0];
        denomTmp *= sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
        lnActivitySolvent =
            (xmolSolvent - 1.0)/xmolSolvent;

        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
                for (size_t j = 0; j < m_kk; j++) {
                    double beta =   m_Beta_ij.value(k, j);
#ifdef DEBUG_HKM_NOT
                    if (beta != 0.0) {
                        printf("b: k = %d, j = %d, betakj = %g\n",
                               k, j, beta);
                    }
#endif
                    m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] += 2.0 * m_molalities[j] * beta;
                }
            }
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 -2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        lnActivitySolvent =
            (xmolSolvent - 1.0)/xmolSolvent +
            2.0 /3.0 * m_A_Debye * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrt(m_IionicMolality) * sigma;
        tmp = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            for (size_t j = 0; j < m_kk; j++) {
                tmp +=
                    m_Beta_ij.value(k, j) * m_molalities[k] * m_molalities[j];
            }
        }
        lnActivitySolvent -= m_Mnaught * tmp;
        break;

    case DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp = m_B_Debye * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        numTmp = m_A_Debye * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
        tmpLn = log(1.0 + denomTmp);
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numTmp / 3.0 / (1.0 + denomTmp);
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] +=
                    - 2.0 * z_k * z_k * m_A_Debye * tmpLn /
                    (3.0 * m_B_Debye * m_Aionic[0]);
                for (size_t j = 0; j < m_kk; j++) {
                    m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] += 2.0 * m_molalities[j] *
                                            m_Beta_ij.value(k, j);
                }
            }
        }
        sigma = 1.0 / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        lnActivitySolvent =
            (xmolSolvent - 1.0)/xmolSolvent +
            2.0 /3.0 * m_A_Debye * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrt(m_IionicMolality) * sigma;
        tmp = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            for (size_t j = 0; j < m_kk; j++) {
                tmp +=
                    m_Beta_ij.value(k, j) * m_molalities[k] * m_molalities[j];
            }
        }
        lnActivitySolvent -= m_Mnaught * tmp;
        break;

    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::s_update_lnMolalityActCoeff", "ERROR");
    }
    /*
     * Above, we calculated the ln(activitySolvent). Translate that
     * into the molar-based activity coefficient by dividing by
     * the solvent mole fraction. Solvents are not on the molality
     * scale.
     */
    xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    m_lnActCoeffMolal[m_indexSolvent] =
        lnActivitySolvent - log(xmolSolvent);
}

void DebyeHuckel::s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dT() const
{
    double z_k, coeff, tmp, y, yp1, sigma, tmpLn;
    // First we store dAdT explicitly here
    double dAdT =  dA_DebyedT_TP();
    if (dAdT == 0.0) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] = 0.0;
        }
        return;
    }
    /*
     * Calculate a safe value for the mole fraction
     * of the solvent
     */
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    xmolSolvent = std::max(8.689E-3, xmolSolvent);


    double sqrtI  = sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
    double numdAdTTmp = dAdT * sqrtI;
    double denomTmp = m_B_Debye * sqrtI;
    double d_lnActivitySolvent_dT = 0;

    switch (m_formDH) {
    case DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT:
        for (size_t k = 1; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] =
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] * dAdT / m_A_Debye;
        }
        d_lnActivitySolvent_dT = 2.0 / 3.0 * dAdT * m_Mnaught *
                                 m_IionicMolality * sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[m_indexSolvent] =  d_lnActivitySolvent_dT;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_AK:
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] =
                - z_k * z_k * numdAdTTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp * m_Aionic[k]);
        }

        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[m_indexSolvent] = 0.0;

        coeff = 2.0 / 3.0 * dAdT * m_Mnaught * sqrtI;
        tmp = 0.0;
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
                y = denomTmp * m_Aionic[k];
                yp1 = y + 1.0;
                sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                tmp += m_molalities[k] * z_k * z_k * sigma / 2.0;
            }
        }
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[m_indexSolvent] += coeff * tmp;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_ACOMMON:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] =
                - z_k * z_k * numdAdTTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * dAdT * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numdAdTTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
            }
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * dAdT * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    case DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        tmpLn = log(1.0 + denomTmp);
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numdAdTTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp)
                    - 2.0 * z_k * z_k * dAdT * tmpLn
                    / (m_B_Debye * m_Aionic[0]);
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[k] /= 3.0;
            }
        }

        sigma = 1.0 / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldT[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * dAdT * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dT",
                           "ERROR");
    }


}

void DebyeHuckel::s_update_d2lnMolalityActCoeff_dT2() const
{
    double z_k, coeff, tmp, y, yp1, sigma, tmpLn;
    double dAdT =  dA_DebyedT_TP();
    double d2AdT2 = d2A_DebyedT2_TP();
    if (d2AdT2 == 0.0 && dAdT == 0.0) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] = 0.0;
        }
        return;
    }

    /*
     * Calculate a safe value for the mole fraction
     * of the solvent
     */
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    xmolSolvent = std::max(8.689E-3, xmolSolvent);


    double sqrtI  = sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
    double numd2AdT2Tmp = d2AdT2 * sqrtI;
    double denomTmp = m_B_Debye * sqrtI;

    switch (m_formDH) {
    case DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT:
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] =
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] * d2AdT2 / m_A_Debye;
        }
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_AK:
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] =
                - z_k * z_k * numd2AdT2Tmp / (1.0 + denomTmp * m_Aionic[k]);
        }

        m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[m_indexSolvent] = 0.0;

        coeff = 2.0 / 3.0 * d2AdT2 * m_Mnaught * sqrtI;
        tmp = 0.0;
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
                y = denomTmp * m_Aionic[k];
                yp1 = y + 1.0;
                sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                tmp += m_molalities[k] * z_k * z_k * sigma / 2.0;
            }
        }
        m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[m_indexSolvent] += coeff * tmp;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_ACOMMON:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] =
                - z_k * z_k * numd2AdT2Tmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * d2AdT2 * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numd2AdT2Tmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
            }
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 -2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * d2AdT2 * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    case DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        tmpLn = log(1.0 + denomTmp);
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numd2AdT2Tmp / (1.0 + denomTmp)
                    - 2.0 * z_k * z_k * d2AdT2 * tmpLn
                    / (m_B_Debye * m_Aionic[0]);
                m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[k] /= 3.0;
            }
        }

        sigma = 1.0 / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        m_d2lnActCoeffMolaldT2[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * d2AdT2 * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::s_update_d2lnMolalityActCoeff_dT2",
                           "ERROR");
    }
}

void DebyeHuckel::s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dP() const
{
    double z_k, coeff, tmp, y, yp1, sigma, tmpLn;
    int est;
    double dAdP =  dA_DebyedP_TP();
    if (dAdP == 0.0) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] = 0.0;
        }
        return;
    }
    /*
     * Calculate a safe value for the mole fraction
     * of the solvent
     */
    double xmolSolvent = moleFraction(m_indexSolvent);
    xmolSolvent = std::max(8.689E-3, xmolSolvent);


    double sqrtI  = sqrt(m_IionicMolality);
    double numdAdPTmp = dAdP * sqrtI;
    double denomTmp = m_B_Debye * sqrtI;

    switch (m_formDH) {
    case DHFORM_DILUTE_LIMIT:
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] =
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] * dAdP / m_A_Debye;
        }
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_AK:
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            est = m_electrolyteSpeciesType[k];
            if (est == cEST_nonpolarNeutral) {
                m_lnActCoeffMolal[k] = 0.0;
            } else {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numdAdPTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp * m_Aionic[k]);
            }
        }

        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[m_indexSolvent] = 0.0;

        coeff = 2.0 / 3.0 * dAdP * m_Mnaught * sqrtI;
        tmp = 0.0;
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
                y = denomTmp * m_Aionic[k];
                yp1 = y + 1.0;
                sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                tmp += m_molalities[k] * z_k * z_k * sigma / 2.0;
            }
        }
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[m_indexSolvent] += coeff * tmp;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BDOT_ACOMMON:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
            m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] =
                - z_k * z_k * numdAdPTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * dAdP * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    case DHFORM_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numdAdPTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp);
            }
        }
        if (denomTmp > 0.0) {
            y = denomTmp;
            yp1 = y + 1.0;
            sigma = 3.0 / (y * y * y) * (yp1 - 1.0/yp1 - 2.0*log(yp1));
        } else {
            sigma = 0.0;
        }
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * dAdP * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    case DHFORM_PITZER_BETAIJ:
        denomTmp *= m_Aionic[0];
        tmpLn = log(1.0 + denomTmp);
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_kk; k++) {
            if (k != m_indexSolvent) {
                z_k = m_speciesCharge[k];
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] =
                    - z_k * z_k * numdAdPTmp / (1.0 + denomTmp)
                    - 2.0 * z_k * z_k * dAdP * tmpLn
                    / (m_B_Debye * m_Aionic[0]);
                m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[k] /= 3.0;
            }
        }

        sigma = 1.0 / (1.0 + denomTmp);
        m_dlnActCoeffMolaldP[m_indexSolvent] =
            2.0 /3.0 * dAdP * m_Mnaught *
            m_IionicMolality * sqrtI * sigma;
        break;

    default:
        throw CanteraError("DebyeHuckel::s_update_dlnMolalityActCoeff_dP",
                           "ERROR");
    }
}

}