the namespace for the CKReader packaage More...

Classes
class	CK_SyntaxError
	Exception class for syntax errors. More...

class	CKParser
	Chemkin mechanism file parser. More...

class	CKReader
	Chemkin file reader class. More...

class	Constituent
	A class for components of a composite object. More...

class	Element
	A class for elements. More...

class	RateCoeff
	Reaction rate coefficient class. More...

class	ReactionUnits
	Specifies the Units for all reactions. More...

class	Reaction
	A class for reactions. More...

class	RxnSpecies
	A class for species in a reaction. More...

class	Species
	Holds species data read in from entries in the THERMO section of a chemkin or nasa9 fortran formatted input file. More...

Typedefs
typedef std::vector< double >	vector_fp

typedef std::vector< double >	vector_int

typedef std::vector< Group >	groupList
	a list (vector) of Groups

typedef std::vector< Element >	elementList
	a list (vector) of Elements

typedef std::vector< Reaction >	reactionList
	a list of Reaction objects

typedef vector_int	group_t

typedef std::vector< group_t >	grouplist_t

typedef std::vector< Species >	speciesList
	Shorthand for a list of Species.

typedef std::map< std::string, Species >	speciesTable
	A map from species names to Species objects.

Functions
void	getDefaultAtomicWeights (map< string, double > &weights)
	Get table of atomic weights from the internal database.

void	writeKnownElements (ostream &s, string fmt)

static string	int2s (int n, std::string fmt="%d")

static int	parseGroupString (std::string str, std::vector< std::string > &esyms, vector_int &result)

static void	illegalThermoLine (std::ostream &f, char n, int linenum=-1)
	Throw an exception if one of the four lines that must have 1, 2, 3, or 4 in column 80 do not.

static void	illegalNumber (std::ostream &f, std::string s, int linenum=-1)
	Throw an exception if number string is bad.

static string	d2e (string s)

static double	de_atof (std::string s)

static void	checkNASA9Temps (std::ostream &log, vector_fp &temp)
	Check validity of the temperatures defining the temperature ranges for the NASA9 polynomial species thermodynamic property fits.

static double	getNumberFromString (std::string s)

static void	addElement (std::string symbol, double atoms, Species &sp, std::ostream &log)
	Add an element to a species.

static void	checkTemps (std::ostream &log, double tmin, double tmid, double tmax)
	Check validity of the three temperatures defining the two temperature ranges for the NASA polynomial species thermodynamic property fits.

static void	getSpecies (std::string s, int n, vector< RxnSpecies > &species, bool debug, std::ostream &log)

int	getGroups (std::string::const_iterator begin, std::string::const_iterator end, std::vector< std::string > &esyms, std::vector< grouplist_t > &rxngroups)
	given a string specifying either the reactant or product side of a reaction equation, construct a list of Constituent objects containing the species symbols and stoichiometric coefficients.

bool	match (const std::string &s1, const std::string &s2)
	Perform a case-insensitive comparison of the first n2 characters of strings s1 and s2, where n2 is the length of s2.

void	removeWhiteSpace (std::string &s)
	Remove all white space from string s.

void	getTokens (std::string &s, int n, std::vector< std::string > &toks, char delim)
	Get tokens from char array of length n beginning at 'begin'.

bool	extractSlashData (std::string &s, std::string &name, std::string &data)
	Look for a slash-delimited number in string s, and if found set v to the numerical value, and set s to the portion of the string before the first slash.

string	capitalize (const std::string &word)
	Return a modified version of string word, in which the first letter is upper case, and the rest are lower case.

template<class K , class V >
void	getMapKeys (const std::map< K, V > &mp, std::vector< K > &keys)
	Fill vector 'keys' with the keys of map 'mp'.

template<class K , class V >
void	getMapValues (const std::map< K, V > &mp, std::vector< V > &values)
	Fill vector 'values' with the values of map 'mp'.

template<class T , class S >
T	max (T a, S b)
	Template to compare two objects a and b, possibly of different types, and return the greater of the two, converted to the type of a.

template<class T , class S >
T	min (T a, S b)
	Template to compare two objects a and b, possibly of different types, and * return the lesser of the two, converted to the type of a.

template<class S >
S	pad (const S &s, size_t n)
	Template to return a string equal to s, but padded with spaces on the right as necessary to make the length n.

template<class T >
T	absval (T x)
	Absolute value.

template<class L >
bool	valid (L &list)
	Iterate through a list of objects that have a numeric member named 'valid', and return false if for any object this attribute is not greater than 0.

bool	isKeyword (std::string word)
	Check whether string 'word' begins with a Chemkin keyword.

bool	checkThermo (std::ostream &log, speciesList &sp, double tol)
	Check the thermodynamic property parameterizations for all species.

bool	checkBalance (std::ostream &f, speciesTable &speciesData, reactionList &r, std::vector< int > &unbalanced, double tolerance)
	Check that all reactions balance.

bool	checkBalance (ostream &f, speciesTable &speciesData, reactionList &r, vector< int > &unbalanced, double tolerance=1.0e-3)

bool	checkThermo (ostream &f, speciesList &species, double tol)

bool	filter (const string &infile, const string &database, const string &outfile, const vector< int > &species, const vector< int > &reactions)

static void	addElement (std::string symbol, double atoms, Species &sp, std::ostream &log)
	Add an element to a species.

static void	illegalNumber (std::ostream &f, std::string s, int linenum=-1)
	Throw an exception if number string is bad.

static std::string	d2e (std::string s)

static double	de_atof (std::string s)

static double	getNumberFromString (std::string s)

static int	de_atoi (std::ostream &log, std::string s, int line=-1)

Reaction	forwardReaction (const Reaction &rxn)

Reaction	reverseReaction (const Reaction &rxn)

double	cp (double t, const Species &s)
	non-dimensional heat capacity ( \( C_p/R \)) at constant P for one species

double	enthalpy (double t, const Species &s)
	enthalpy in Kelvin ( \( H/R \)) for one species.

double	entropy (double t, const Species &s)
	non-dimensional entropy ( \( S/R \)) for one species

double	gibbs (double t, const Species &s)
	Gibbs function in Kelvin ( \( G/R \)) for one species.

string	newTask (std::string msg)
	format a string for the log file message printed when starting a new task

bool	writeFalloff (int type, const vector_fp &c, std::ostream &log)
	print the falloff parameters for a pressure-dependent reaction

bool	writeRateCoeff (const RateCoeff &k, std::ostream &log)
	print the rate coefficient parameters

void	printReactionEquation (std::ostream &f, const Reaction &r)
	Write onto an output stream the chemical equation for a reaction.

string	reactionEquation (const Reaction &r)
	Write to a string the chemical equation for a reaction.

void	writeSpeciesData (std::ostream &log, const Species &spec)
	Write a summary of the properties of one species to the log file.

Variables
static double	_weights []

static char	_symbols [][3]

const double	UNDEF = -9999.1234


const int	NoThermoDatabase = 10
	readability constants

const int	HasTempRange = 11

Falloff Parameterizations
These constants are used to specify which falloff parameterization to use for a pressure-dependent reaction. See Also Reaction.h
const int	Lindemann = 0

const int	Troe = 1

const int	SRI = 2

Reaction Rate Types
These constant are used to specify the type of rate coefficient
const int	Arrhenius = 0

const int	LandauTeller = 1

const int	Jan = 2

const int	Fit1 = 3

Activation Energy Units
These constants specify the supported units for the activation energy of a reaction The default is to assume Cal_per_Mole for unspecified units in the activation energy as this was the original default
const int	Cal_per_Mole = 1

const int	Kcal_per_Mole = 2

const int	Joules_per_Mole = 3

const int	Kelvin = 4

const int	Electron_Volts = 5

const int	Kjoules_per_Mole = 6

Quantity Units
These constants define the supported units for number of molecules.
const int	Moles = 100
	specify number of moles (6.023e23 molecules / mole)

const int	Molecules = 101
	specify number of molecules

Reaction Types
const int	Elementary = 2000
	elementary, pressure-independent reaction

const int	ThreeBody = 2001
	three-body reaction

const int	Falloff = 2002
	falloff reaction

const int	ChemAct = 2003
	chemical activation reaction

Detailed Description

the namespace for the CKReader packaage

Typedef Documentation

typedef std::vector<Group> groupList

a list (vector) of Groups

Definition at line 50 of file CKReader.h.

typedef std::vector<Element> elementList

a list (vector) of Elements

Definition at line 92 of file Element.h.

typedef std::vector<Reaction> reactionList

a list of Reaction objects

Definition at line 255 of file Reaction.h.

typedef std::vector<Species> speciesList

Shorthand for a list of Species.

Definition at line 95 of file Species.h.

typedef std::map<std::string, Species> speciesTable

A map from species names to Species objects.

Definition at line 98 of file Species.h.

Function Documentation

void getDefaultAtomicWeights ( map< string, double > & weights )

Get table of atomic weights from the internal database.

Parameters

weights atomic symbol -> atomic weight map

Example usage:

#include "atomicWeightDB.h"
...
map<string, double> atw;
getDefaultAtomicWeights(atw);
double copperAtomicWeight = atw["Cu"];
...

Note that if the atomic weight is requested for an unknown element symbol, the value zero will be returned.

Definition at line 87 of file atomicWeightDB.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readElementSection().

static void ckr::illegalThermoLine	(	std::ostream &	f,
		char	n,
		int	linenum = `-1`
	)

static

Throw an exception if one of the four lines that must have 1, 2, 3, or 4 in column 80 do not.

Definition at line 52 of file CKParser.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readThermoRecord().

static void ckr::illegalNumber	(	std::ostream &	f,
		std::string	s,
		int	linenum = `-1`
	)

static

Throw an exception if number string is bad.

Definition at line 63 of file CKParser.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readNASA9ThermoRecord(), and CKParser::readThermoRecord().

static void ckr::checkNASA9Temps	(	std::ostream &	log,
		vector_fp &	temp
	)

static

Check validity of the temperatures defining the temperature ranges for the NASA9 polynomial species thermodynamic property fits.

Parameters

log	log file output stream
temp	Vector of temperatures

Definition at line 105 of file CKParser.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readThermoSection().

static void ckr::addElement	(	std::string	symbol,
		double	atoms,
		Species &	sp,
		std::ostream &	log
	)

static

Add an element to a species.

Parameters

symbol	element symbol
atoms	number of atoms of this element in the species (may be non-integral)
sp	Species object to add element to
log	log file output stream

Definition at line 149 of file CKParser.cpp.

References Species::comp, Species::elements, Constituent::name, and Constituent::number.

Referenced by CKParser::readNASA9ThermoRecord(), and CKParser::readThermoRecord().

static void ckr::checkTemps	(	std::ostream &	log,
		double	tmin,
		double	tmid,
		double	tmax
	)

static

Check validity of the three temperatures defining the two temperature ranges for the NASA polynomial species thermodynamic property fits.

Parameters

log	log file output stream
tmin	minimum temperature
tmid	intermediate temperature
tmax	maximum temperature

Definition at line 172 of file CKParser.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readThermoSection().

int ckr::getGroups	(	std::string::const_iterator	begin,
		std::string::const_iterator	end,
		std::vector< std::string > &	esyms,
		std::vector< grouplist_t > &	rxngroups
	)

given a string specifying either the reactant or product side of a reaction equation, construct a list of Constituent objects containing the species symbols and stoichiometric coefficients.

Todo:: allow non-integral stoichiometric coefficients

Definition at line 246 of file CKParser.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readReactionSection().

bool match	(	const std::string &	s1,
		const std::string &	s2
	)

Perform a case-insensitive comparison of the first n2 characters of strings s1 and s2, where n2 is the length of s2.

Typically, s1 is an unknown string and s2 is the significant portion of a keyword. Returns true if a match is found, false otherwise. An asterisk in string s2 matches any character at that position.

Example: if s1 = "elements", then match(s1, "ELEM") would return true.

Definition at line 20 of file ckr_utils.cpp.

Referenced by isKeyword(), CKParser::readElementSection(), CKParser::readNASA9ThermoRecord(), CKParser::readNASA9ThermoSection(), CKParser::readReactionSection(), CKParser::readSpeciesSection(), CKParser::readThermoRecord(), and CKParser::readThermoSection().

void removeWhiteSpace ( std::string & s )

Remove all white space from string s.

Definition at line 34 of file ckr_utils.cpp.

Referenced by extractSlashData(), and CKParser::readReactionSection().

void getTokens	(	std::string &	s,
		int	n,
		std::vector< std::string > &	toks,
		char	delim
	)

Get tokens from char array of length n beginning at 'begin'.

Tokens are delimited by character 'delim' (space by default), with the exception of text contained within forward slashes ('/'), which is treated literally.

code vector<string> tokens; char line[] = "a b/3.0 txt/ c /4.0 6/ d"; int n = strlen(line); getTokens(line, n, tokens); for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) cout << tokens[i] << endl; endcode

Definition at line 60 of file ckr_utils.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readElementSection(), CKParser::readNASA9ThermoRecord(), CKParser::readReactionSection(), CKParser::readSpeciesSection(), CKParser::readThermoRecord(), and CKParser::readThermoSection().

bool extractSlashData	(	std::string &	s,
		std::string &	name,
		std::string &	data
	)

Look for a slash-delimited number in string s, and if found set v to the numerical value, and set s to the portion of the string before the first slash.

Return true if slash data found, false otherwise.

Definition at line 117 of file ckr_utils.cpp.

References Cantera::npos, and removeWhiteSpace().

Referenced by CKParser::readElementSection(), and CKParser::readReactionSection().

std::string capitalize ( const std::string & word )

Return a modified version of string word, in which the first letter is upper case, and the rest are lower case.

Definition at line 153 of file ckr_utils.cpp.

Referenced by CKParser::readElementSection().

void ckr::getMapKeys	(	const std::map< K, V > &	mp,
		std::vector< K > &	keys
	)

Fill vector 'keys' with the keys of map 'mp'.

Definition at line 23 of file ckr_utils.h.

Referenced by checkBalance(), CKReader::validateSpecies(), and CKReader::writeReactions().

void ckr::getMapValues	(	const std::map< K, V > &	mp,
		std::vector< V > &	values
	)

Fill vector 'values' with the values of map 'mp'.

Definition at line 37 of file ckr_utils.h.

Referenced by Reaction::operator==().

T ckr::max	(	T	a,
		S	b
	)

inline

Template to compare two objects a and b, possibly of different types, and return the greater of the two, converted to the type of a.

The '<' operator is used for the comparison, and must be defined for the two types in question.

Definition at line 57 of file ckr_utils.h.

T ckr::min	(	T	a,
		S	b
	)

inline

Template to compare two objects a and b, possibly of different types, and * return the lesser of the two, converted to the type of a.

The '<' operator is used for the comparison, and must be defined for the two types in question.

Definition at line 74 of file ckr_utils.h.

Referenced by Cantera::_maxTemp(), Cantera::bound_step(), MultiNewton::boundStep(), BEulerInt::boundStep(), NonlinearSolver::boundStep(), solveProb::calc_damping(), NonlinearSolver::calcSolnToResNormVector(), NonlinearSolver::computeResidWts(), VCS_SOLVE::delta_species(), MixtureFugacityTP::densityCalc(), WaterPropsIAPWS::densSpinodalSteam(), WaterPropsIAPWS::densSpinodalWater(), ChemEquil::equilibrate(), vcs_MultiPhaseEquil::equilibrate_SP(), Domain1D::eval(), AxiStagnFlow::eval(), FreeFlame::eval(), ReactionPathDiagram::exportToDot(), Cantera::factorOverlap(), MultiPhaseEquil::getComponents(), GeneralSpeciesThermo::install(), GeneralSpeciesThermo::install_STIT(), SpeciesThermoDuo< T1, T2 >::maxTemp(), LatticeSolidPhase::minTemp(), RootFind::solve(), BEulerInt::step(), Cantera::subtractRD(), BEulerInt::time_step_control(), GasKinetics::updateKc(), VCS_SOLVE::vcs_add_all_deleted(), VCS_SOLVE::vcs_basopt(), VCS_SOLVE::vcs_birthGuess(), and VCS_SOLVE::vcs_prob_specifyFully().

S ckr::pad	(	const S &	s,
		size_t	n
	)

inline

Template to return a string equal to s, but padded with spaces on the right as necessary to make the length n.

Definition at line 85 of file ckr_utils.h.

References max().

Referenced by CKReader::read().

T ckr::absval ( T x )

inline

Absolute value.

Definition at line 95 of file ckr_utils.h.

Referenced by checkThermo().

bool ckr::valid ( L & list )

inline

Iterate through a list of objects that have a numeric member named 'valid', and return false if for any object this attribute is not greater than 0.

Otherwise return true.

Definition at line 112 of file ckr_utils.h.

Referenced by checkThermo(), CKReader::read(), CKParser::readElementSection(), and CKReader::validateSpecies().

bool ckr::isKeyword ( std::string word )

inline

Check whether string 'word' begins with a Chemkin keyword.

Definition at line 143 of file ckr_utils.h.

References match().

Referenced by CKParser::readElementSection(), CKParser::readNASA9ThermoRecord(), CKParser::readReactionSection(), CKParser::readSpeciesSection(), and CKParser::readThermoRecord().

bool ckr::checkThermo	(	std::ostream &	log,
		speciesList &	sp,
		double	tol
	)

Check the thermodynamic property parameterizations for all species.

The following are verified:

The heat capacity is positive throughout the full temperature range;
The entropy at Tmin is positive;
The heat capacity, entropy, and enthalpy evaluated at Tmid using both the high and low polynomial coefficients are the same to within relative error tol
The heat capacity at Tmax is not greater than the equipartition limit for the number of atoms in the molecule

Definition at line 511 of file CKReader.cpp.

References absval(), cp(), Species::elements, enthalpy(), entropy(), Species::name, Species::thigh, Species::tlow, Species::tmid, Species::valid, and valid().

Referenced by CKReader::validateSpecies().

bool ckr::checkBalance	(	std::ostream &	f,
		speciesTable &	speciesData,
		reactionList &	r,
		std::vector< int > &	unbalanced,
		double	tolerance
	)

Check that all reactions balance.

Parameters

speciesData	species property dataset used to look up elemental compositions.
r	list of reactions to check
unbalanced	list of integers specifying reaction numbers of unbalanced reactions.

Returns: true if all reactions balance

Todo:: use reaction number stored in reaction object

Definition at line 686 of file CKReader.cpp.

References getMapKeys().

Referenced by CKReader::validateReactions().

static void ckr::addElement	(	std::string	symbol,
		double	atoms,
		Species &	sp,
		std::ostream &	log
	)

static

Add an element to a species.

Parameters

symbol	element symbol
atoms	number of atoms of this element in the species (may be non-integral)
sp	Species object to add element to
log	log file output stream

Definition at line 39 of file NASA9Parser.cpp.

References Species::comp, Species::elements, Constituent::name, and Constituent::number.

static void ckr::illegalNumber	(	std::ostream &	f,
		std::string	s,
		int	linenum = `-1`
	)

static

Throw an exception if number string is bad.

Definition at line 56 of file NASA9Parser.cpp.

double cp	(	double	t,
		const Species &	s
	)

non-dimensional heat capacity ( \( C_p/R \)) at constant P for one species

Parameters

t	temperature
s	species object

Definition at line 21 of file thermoFunctions.cpp.

References Species::highCoeffs, Species::lowCoeffs, Species::nTempRegions, Species::thermoFormatType, and Species::tmid.

Referenced by checkThermo(), PureFluidPhase::cp_mole(), RedlichKwongMFTP::cp_mole(), PDSS_Water::cp_mole(), RedlichKisterVPSSTP::cp_mole(), MargulesVPSSTP::cp_mole(), MixedSolventElectrolyte::cp_mole(), PhaseCombo_Interaction::cp_mole(), PDSS_Water::cp_R_ref(), HMWSoln::cv_mole(), enthalpy(), entropy(), WaterSSTP::getCp_R(), WaterSSTP::getCp_R_ref(), gibbs(), NasaPoly1::updateProperties(), ShomatePoly::updateProperties(), and MultiTransport::updateThermal_T().

double enthalpy	(	double	t,
		const Species &	s
	)

enthalpy in Kelvin ( \( H/R \)) for one species.

Parameters

t	temperature
s	species object

Definition at line 55 of file thermoFunctions.cpp.

References cp(), Species::highCoeffs, Species::lowCoeffs, Species::nTempRegions, Species::thermoFormatType, and Species::tmid.

Referenced by checkThermo(), and gibbs().

double entropy	(	double	t,
		const Species &	s
	)

non-dimensional entropy ( \( S/R \)) for one species

Parameters

t	temperature
s	species object

Definition at line 90 of file thermoFunctions.cpp.

References cp(), Species::highCoeffs, Species::lowCoeffs, Species::nTempRegions, Species::thermoFormatType, and Species::tmid.

Referenced by checkThermo(), and gibbs().

double gibbs	(	double	t,
		const Species &	s
	)

Gibbs function in Kelvin ( \( G/R \)) for one species.

Parameters

t	temperature
s	species object

Definition at line 124 of file thermoFunctions.cpp.

References cp(), enthalpy(), entropy(), Species::highCoeffs, Species::lowCoeffs, Species::thermoFormatType, and Species::tmid.

std::string newTask ( std::string msg )

format a string for the log file message printed when starting a new task

Definition at line 18 of file writelog.cpp.

Referenced by CKReader::read(), and CKReader::validateSpecies().

bool ckr::writeFalloff	(	int	type,
		const vector_fp &	c,
		std::ostream &	log
	)

print the falloff parameters for a pressure-dependent reaction

Definition at line 27 of file writelog.cpp.

Referenced by CKReader::writeReactions().

bool writeRateCoeff	(	const RateCoeff &	k,
		std::ostream &	log
	)

print the rate coefficient parameters

Definition at line 86 of file writelog.cpp.

References RateCoeff::A, RateCoeff::B, RateCoeff::b, RateCoeff::C, RateCoeff::E, RateCoeff::n, and RateCoeff::type.

Referenced by CKReader::writeReactions().

void printReactionEquation	(	std::ostream &	f,
		const Reaction &	r
	)

Write onto an output stream the chemical equation for a reaction.

Definition at line 142 of file writelog.cpp.

References reactionEquation().

Referenced by CKReader::writeReactions().

std::string reactionEquation ( const Reaction & r )

Write to a string the chemical equation for a reaction.

Definition at line 152 of file writelog.cpp.

References Reaction::isFalloffRxn, Reaction::isReversible, Reaction::isThreeBodyRxn, Reaction::products, Reaction::reactants, and Reaction::thirdBody.

Referenced by printReactionEquation().

void writeSpeciesData	(	std::ostream &	log,
		const Species &	spec
	)

Write a summary of the properties of one species to the log file.

Parameters

log	log file output stream
spec	instance of Species class

Definition at line 214 of file writelog.cpp.

References Species::elements, Species::highCoeffs, Species::id, Species::lowCoeffs, Species::nTempRegions, Species::phase, Species::thermoFormatType, Species::thigh, Species::tlow, and Species::tmid.

Referenced by CKParser::readNASA9ThermoSection(), and CKParser::readThermoSection().

Variable Documentation

double _weights[]

static

Initial value:

= {
00797,    4.0026,   6.939,    9.01220,   10.811,            
01115,    14.0067,  15.9994,  18.9984,    20.183,  22.9898, 
312,    26.9815,  28.086,  30.9738,    32.064,            
453,    39.948,   39.102,  40.08,      44.956,          
9,     50.942,  51.996,   54.938,     55.847,           
9332,   58.71,    63.54,   65.37,      69.72,            
59,     74.9216,  78.96,    79.9009,     83.8,             
47,   87.62,    88.905,  91.22,     92.9064,          
94,     98,      101.07,   102.906,    106.42,            
868,  112.41,   114.82,   118.71,     121.75,            
6,    126.905,  131.29,   132.905,    137.33,            
906,  140.12,   140.908,  144.24,     145,               
36,   151.96,   157.25,   158.925,    162.5,             
93,   167.26,   168.934,  173.04,     174.967,           
49,   180.948,  183.85,   186.207,    190.2,             
22,   195.08,   196.967,  200.59,     204.383,           
2,    208.98,   209,      210,        222,               
    223,      226.025,  227.028,  232.038,    231.036,           
029,  237.048,  244,      243,        247,               
    247,      251,      252,      257,        258,               
    259,      269,      2.0141,   5.45e-4,    -1.0               
}

Definition at line 18 of file atomicWeightDB.cpp.

char _symbols[][3]

static

Initial value:

= {
    "H", "He", "Li", "Be", "B",
    "C", "N", "O", "F", "Ne", "Na",
    "Mg", "Al", "Si", "P", "S",
    "Cl", "Ar", "K", "Ca", "Sc",
    "Ti", "V", "Cr", "Mn", "Fe",
    "Co", "Ni", "Cu", "Zn", "Ga",
    "Ge", "As", "Se", "Br", "Kr",
    "Rb", "Sr", "Y", "Zr", "Nb",
    "Mo", "Tc", "Ru", "Rh", "Pd",
    "Ag", "Cd", "In", "Sn", "Sb",
    "Te", "I", "Xe", "Cs", "Ba",
    "La", "Ce", "Pr", "Nd", "Pm",
    "Sm", "Eu", "Gd", "Tb", "Dy",
    "Ho", "Er", "Tm", "Yb", "Lu",
    "Hf", "Ta", "W", "Re", "Os",
    "Ir", "Pt", "Au", "Hg", "Tl",
    "Pb", "Bi", "Po", "At", "Rn",
    "Fr", "Ra", "Ac", "Th", "Pa",
    "U", "Np", "Pu", "Am", "Cm",
    "Bk", "Cf", "Ei", "Fm", "Md",
    "No", "Lw", "D", "E", "!"
}