LiquidTransport.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/**
 *  @file LiquidTransport.cpp
 *  Mixture-averaged transport properties for ideal gas mixtures.
 */
#include "cantera/thermo/ThermoPhase.h"
#include "cantera/transport/LiquidTransport.h"

#include "cantera/base/utilities.h"
#include "cantera/transport/LiquidTransportParams.h"
#include "cantera/transport/TransportFactory.h"
#include "cantera/numerics/ctlapack.h"
#include "cantera/base/stringUtils.h"

#include <cstdio>

using namespace std;

namespace Cantera
{
LiquidTransport::LiquidTransport(thermo_t* thermo, int ndim) :
    Transport(thermo, ndim),
    m_nsp2(0),
    m_viscMixModel(0),
    m_ionCondMixModel(0),
    m_lambdaMixModel(0),
    m_diffMixModel(0),
    m_radiusMixModel(0),
    m_iStateMF(-1),
    concTot_(0.0),
    concTot_tran_(0.0),
    dens_(0.0),
    m_temp(-1.0),
    m_press(-1.0),
    m_lambda(-1.0),
    m_viscmix(-1.0),
    m_ionCondmix(-1.0),
    m_mobRatMix(0),
    m_selfDiffMix(0),
    m_visc_mix_ok(false),
    m_visc_temp_ok(false),
    m_visc_conc_ok(false),
    m_ionCond_mix_ok(false),
    m_ionCond_temp_ok(false),
    m_ionCond_conc_ok(false),
    m_mobRat_mix_ok(false),
    m_mobRat_temp_ok(false),
    m_mobRat_conc_ok(false),
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok(false),
    m_selfDiff_temp_ok(false),
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok(false),
    m_radi_mix_ok(false),
    m_radi_temp_ok(false),
    m_radi_conc_ok(false),
    m_diff_mix_ok(false),
    m_diff_temp_ok(false),
    m_lambda_temp_ok(false),
    m_lambda_mix_ok(false),
    m_mode(-1000),
    m_debug(false)
{
}

LiquidTransport::LiquidTransport(const LiquidTransport& right) :
    Transport(right.m_thermo, right.m_nDim),
    m_nsp2(0),
    m_viscMixModel(0),
    m_ionCondMixModel(0),
    m_lambdaMixModel(0),
    m_diffMixModel(0),
    m_radiusMixModel(0),
    m_iStateMF(-1),
    concTot_(0.0),
    concTot_tran_(0.0),
    dens_(0.0),
    m_temp(-1.0),
    m_press(-1.0),
    m_lambda(-1.0),
    m_viscmix(-1.0),
    m_ionCondmix(-1.0),
    m_mobRatMix(0),
    m_selfDiffMix(0),
    m_visc_mix_ok(false),
    m_visc_temp_ok(false),
    m_visc_conc_ok(false),
    m_ionCond_mix_ok(false),
    m_ionCond_temp_ok(false),
    m_ionCond_conc_ok(false),
    m_mobRat_mix_ok(false),
    m_mobRat_temp_ok(false),
    m_mobRat_conc_ok(false),
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok(false),
    m_selfDiff_temp_ok(false),
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok(false),
    m_radi_mix_ok(false),
    m_radi_temp_ok(false),
    m_radi_conc_ok(false),
    m_diff_mix_ok(false),
    m_diff_temp_ok(false),
    m_lambda_temp_ok(false),
    m_lambda_mix_ok(false),
    m_mode(-1000),
    m_debug(false)
{
    /*
     * Use the assignment operator to do the brunt
     * of the work for the copy constructor.
     */
    *this = right;
}

LiquidTransport& LiquidTransport::operator=(const LiquidTransport& right)
{
    if (&right == this) {
        return *this;
    }
    Transport::operator=(right);
    m_nsp2                                = right.m_nsp2;
    m_mw                                  = right.m_mw;
    m_viscTempDep_Ns                      = right.m_viscTempDep_Ns;
    m_ionCondTempDep_Ns                   = right.m_ionCondTempDep_Ns;
    m_mobRatTempDep_Ns                    = right.m_mobRatTempDep_Ns;
    m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns                  = right.m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns;
    m_lambdaTempDep_Ns                    = right.m_lambdaTempDep_Ns;
    m_diffTempDep_Ns                      = right.m_diffTempDep_Ns;
    m_radiusTempDep_Ns                    = right.m_radiusTempDep_Ns;
    m_hydrodynamic_radius                 = right.m_hydrodynamic_radius;
    m_Grad_X                              = right.m_Grad_X;
    m_Grad_T                              = right.m_Grad_T;
    m_Grad_V                              = right.m_Grad_V;
    m_Grad_mu                             = right.m_Grad_mu;
    m_bdiff                               = right.m_bdiff;
    m_viscSpecies                         = right.m_viscSpecies;
    m_ionCondSpecies                      = right.m_ionCondSpecies;
    m_mobRatSpecies                       = right.m_mobRatSpecies;
    m_selfDiffSpecies                     = right.m_selfDiffSpecies;
    m_hydrodynamic_radius                 = right.m_hydrodynamic_radius;
    m_lambdaSpecies                       = right.m_lambdaSpecies;
    m_viscMixModel                        = right.m_viscMixModel;
    m_ionCondMixModel                     = right.m_ionCondMixModel;
    m_mobRatMixModel                      = right.m_mobRatMixModel;
    m_selfDiffMixModel                    = right.m_selfDiffMixModel;
    m_lambdaMixModel                      = right.m_lambdaMixModel;
    m_diffMixModel                        = right.m_diffMixModel;
    m_iStateMF = -1;
    m_massfracs                           = right.m_massfracs;
    m_massfracs_tran                      = right.m_massfracs_tran;
    m_molefracs                           = right.m_molefracs;
    m_molefracs_tran                      = right.m_molefracs_tran;
    m_concentrations                      = right.m_concentrations;
    m_actCoeff                            = right.m_actCoeff;
    m_Grad_lnAC                           = right.m_Grad_lnAC;
    m_chargeSpecies                       = right.m_chargeSpecies;
    m_B                                   = right.m_B;
    m_A                                   = right.m_A;
    m_temp                                = right.m_temp;
    m_press                               = right.m_press;
    m_flux                                = right.m_flux;
    m_Vdiff                               = right.m_Vdiff;
    m_lambda                              = right.m_lambda;
    m_viscmix                             = right.m_viscmix;
    m_ionCondmix                          = right.m_ionCondmix;
    m_mobRatMix                           = right.m_mobRatMix;
    m_selfDiffMix                         = right.m_selfDiffMix;
    m_spwork                              = right.m_spwork;
    m_visc_mix_ok    = false;
    m_visc_temp_ok   = false;
    m_visc_conc_ok   = false;
    m_ionCond_mix_ok    = false;
    m_ionCond_temp_ok   = false;
    m_ionCond_conc_ok   = false;
    m_mobRat_mix_ok    = false;
    m_mobRat_temp_ok   = false;
    m_mobRat_conc_ok   = false;
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok    = false;
    m_selfDiff_temp_ok   = false;
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok   = false;
    m_radi_mix_ok    = false;
    m_radi_temp_ok   = false;
    m_radi_conc_ok   = false;
    m_diff_mix_ok    = false;
    m_diff_temp_ok   = false;
    m_lambda_temp_ok   = false;
    m_lambda_mix_ok    = false;
    m_mode                                = right.m_mode;
    m_debug                               = right.m_debug;
    m_nDim                                = right.m_nDim;

    return *this;
}

Transport* LiquidTransport::duplMyselfAsTransport() const
{
    return new LiquidTransport(*this);
}

LiquidTransport::~LiquidTransport()
{
    //These are constructed in TransportFactory::newLTP
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        delete m_viscTempDep_Ns[k];
        delete m_ionCondTempDep_Ns[k];
        for (size_t l = 0; l < m_nsp; l++) {
            delete m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns[l][k];
        }
        for (size_t l=0; l < m_nsp2; l++) {
            delete m_mobRatTempDep_Ns[l][k];
        }
        delete m_lambdaTempDep_Ns[k];
        delete m_radiusTempDep_Ns[k];
        delete m_diffTempDep_Ns[k];
        //These are constructed in TransportFactory::newLTI
        delete m_selfDiffMixModel[k];
    }

    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        delete m_mobRatMixModel[k];
    }

    delete m_viscMixModel;
    delete m_ionCondMixModel;
    delete m_lambdaMixModel;
    delete m_diffMixModel;
    //if ( m_radiusMixModel ) delete m_radiusMixModel;
}

bool LiquidTransport::initLiquid(LiquidTransportParams& tr)
{

    // constant substance attributes
    m_thermo = tr.thermo;
    tr.thermo = 0;
    m_velocityBasis = tr.velocityBasis_;
    m_nsp   = m_thermo->nSpecies();
    m_nsp2 = m_nsp*m_nsp;

    // make a local copy of the molecular weights
    m_mw.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    copy(m_thermo->molecularWeights().begin(),
         m_thermo->molecularWeights().end(), m_mw.begin());

    /*
     *  Get the input Viscosities, and stuff
     */
    m_viscSpecies.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_viscTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp, 0);
    m_ionCondSpecies.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_ionCondTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp, 0);
    m_mobRatTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp2);
    m_mobRatMixModel.resize(m_nsp2);
    m_mobRatSpecies.resize(m_nsp2, m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_mobRatMix.resize(m_nsp2,0.0);
    m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp);
    m_selfDiffMixModel.resize(m_nsp);
    m_selfDiffSpecies.resize(m_nsp, m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_selfDiffMix.resize(m_nsp,0.0);
    for (size_t k=0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns[k].resize(m_nsp, 0);
    }
    for (size_t k=0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        m_mobRatTempDep_Ns[k].resize(m_nsp, 0);
    }
    m_lambdaSpecies.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_lambdaTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp, 0);
    m_hydrodynamic_radius.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_radiusTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp, 0);

    //first populate mixing rules and indices
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_selfDiffMixModel[k] = tr.selfDiffusion[k];
        tr.selfDiffusion[k] = 0;
    }
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        m_mobRatMixModel[k] = tr.mobilityRatio[k];
        tr.mobilityRatio[k] = 0;
    }

    //for each species, assign viscosity model and coefficients
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        Cantera::LiquidTransportData& ltd = tr.LTData[k];
        m_viscTempDep_Ns[k] =  ltd.viscosity;
        ltd.viscosity = 0;
        m_ionCondTempDep_Ns[k] =  ltd.ionConductivity;
        ltd.ionConductivity = 0;
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp2; j++) {
            m_mobRatTempDep_Ns[j][k] =  ltd.mobilityRatio[j];
            ltd.mobilityRatio[j] = 0;
        }
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns[j][k] = ltd.selfDiffusion[j];
            ltd.selfDiffusion[j] = 0;
        }
        m_lambdaTempDep_Ns[k] = ltd.thermalCond;
        ltd.thermalCond = 0;
        m_radiusTempDep_Ns[k] = ltd.hydroRadius;
        ltd.hydroRadius = 0;
    }


    /*
     *  Get the input Species Diffusivities
     *  Note that species diffusivities are not what is needed.
     *  Rather the Stefan Boltzmann interaction parameters are
     *  needed for the current model.  This section may, therefore,
     *  be extraneous.
     */
    m_diffTempDep_Ns.resize(m_nsp, 0);
    //for each species, assign viscosity model and coefficients
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        Cantera::LiquidTransportData& ltd = tr.LTData[k];
        if (ltd.speciesDiffusivity != 0) {
            cout << "Warning: diffusion coefficient data for "
                 << m_thermo->speciesName(k)
                 <<  endl
                 << "in the input file is not used for LiquidTransport model."
                 <<  endl
                 << "LiquidTransport model uses Stefan-Maxwell interaction "
                 <<  endl
                 << "parameters defined in the <transport> input block."
                 << endl;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Here we get interaction parameters from LiquidTransportParams
     * that were filled in  TransportFactory::getLiquidInteractionsTransportData
     * Interaction models are provided here for viscosity, thermal conductivity,
     * species diffusivity and hydrodynamics radius (perhaps not needed in the
     * present class).
     */


    m_viscMixModel = tr.viscosity;
    tr.viscosity = 0;

    m_ionCondMixModel = tr.ionConductivity;
    tr.ionConductivity = 0;
    //m_mobRatMixModel = tr.mobilityRatio;

    m_lambdaMixModel = tr.thermalCond;
    tr.thermalCond = 0;

    m_diffMixModel = tr.speciesDiffusivity;
    tr.speciesDiffusivity = 0;


    m_bdiff.resize(m_nsp,m_nsp, 0.0);

    //Don't really need to update this here.
    //It is updated in updateDiff_T()
    m_diffMixModel->getMatrixTransProp(m_bdiff);


    m_mode       = tr.mode_;

    m_massfracs.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_massfracs_tran.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_molefracs.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_molefracs_tran.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_concentrations.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_actCoeff.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_chargeSpecies.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nsp; i++) {
        m_chargeSpecies[i] = m_thermo->charge(i);
    }
    m_volume_spec.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_Grad_lnAC.resize(m_nDim * m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_spwork.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);

    // resize the internal gradient variables
    m_Grad_X.resize(m_nDim * m_nsp, 0.0);
    m_Grad_T.resize(m_nDim, 0.0);
    m_Grad_V.resize(m_nDim, 0.0);
    m_Grad_mu.resize(m_nDim * m_nsp, 0.0);

    m_flux.resize(m_nsp, m_nDim, 0.0);
    m_Vdiff.resize(m_nsp, m_nDim, 0.0);


    // set all flags to false
    m_visc_mix_ok   = false;
    m_visc_temp_ok  = false;
    m_visc_conc_ok  = false;
    m_ionCond_mix_ok   = false;
    m_ionCond_temp_ok  = false;
    m_ionCond_conc_ok  = false;
    m_mobRat_mix_ok   = false;
    m_mobRat_temp_ok  = false;
    m_mobRat_conc_ok  = false;
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok   = false;
    m_selfDiff_temp_ok  = false;
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok  = false;
    m_radi_temp_ok  = false;
    m_radi_conc_ok  = false;
    m_lambda_temp_ok = false;
    m_lambda_mix_ok  = false;
    m_diff_temp_ok   = false;
    m_diff_mix_ok  = false;

    return true;
}

doublereal LiquidTransport::viscosity()
{
    update_T();
    update_C();

    if (m_visc_mix_ok) {
        return m_viscmix;
    }

    ////// LiquidTranInteraction method
    m_viscmix = m_viscMixModel->getMixTransProp(m_viscTempDep_Ns);

    return m_viscmix;
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesViscosities(doublereal* const visc)
{
    update_T();
    if (!m_visc_temp_ok) {
        updateViscosity_T();
    }
    copy(m_viscSpecies.begin(), m_viscSpecies.end(), visc);
}

doublereal LiquidTransport:: ionConductivity()
{
    update_T();
    update_C();

    if (m_ionCond_mix_ok) {
        return m_ionCondmix;
    }

    ////// LiquidTranInteraction method
    m_ionCondmix = m_ionCondMixModel->getMixTransProp(m_ionCondTempDep_Ns);

    return m_ionCondmix;

    /*
    // update m_ionCondSpecies[] if necessary
    if (!m_ionCond_temp_ok) {
      updateIonConductivity_T();
    }

    if (!m_ionCond_conc_ok) {
      updateIonConductivity_C();
    }
    */
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesIonConductivity(doublereal* ionCond)
{
    update_T();
    if (!m_ionCond_temp_ok) {
        updateIonConductivity_T();
    }
    copy(m_ionCondSpecies.begin(), m_ionCondSpecies.end(), ionCond);
}

void LiquidTransport:: mobilityRatio(doublereal* mobRat)
{

    update_T();
    update_C();

    // LiquidTranInteraction method
    if (!m_mobRat_mix_ok) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
            if (m_mobRatMixModel[k]) {
                m_mobRatMix[k] = m_mobRatMixModel[k]->getMixTransProp(m_mobRatTempDep_Ns[k]);
                if (m_mobRatMix[k] > 0.0) {
                    m_mobRatMix[k / m_nsp + m_nsp * (k % m_nsp)] = 1.0 / m_mobRatMix[k]; // Also must be off diagonal: k%(1+n)!=0, but then m_mobRatMixModel[k] shouldn't be initialized anyway
                }
            }
        }
    }
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        mobRat[k] = m_mobRatMix[k];
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesMobilityRatio(doublereal** mobRat)
{
    update_T();
    if (!m_mobRat_temp_ok) {
        updateMobilityRatio_T();
    }
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            mobRat[k][j] = m_mobRatSpecies(k,j);
        }
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::selfDiffusion(doublereal* const selfDiff)
{
    update_T();
    update_C();
    if (!m_selfDiff_mix_ok) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            m_selfDiffMix[k] = m_selfDiffMixModel[k]->getMixTransProp(m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns[k]);
        }
    }
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        selfDiff[k] = m_selfDiffMix[k];
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesSelfDiffusion(doublereal** selfDiff)
{
    update_T();
    if (!m_selfDiff_temp_ok) {
        updateSelfDiffusion_T();
    }
    for (size_t k=0; k<m_nsp; k++) {
        for (size_t j=0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            selfDiff[k][j] = m_selfDiffSpecies(k,j);
        }
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesHydrodynamicRadius(doublereal* const radius)
{
    update_T();
    if (!m_radi_temp_ok) {
        updateHydrodynamicRadius_T();
    }
    copy(m_hydrodynamic_radius.begin(), m_hydrodynamic_radius.end(), radius);

}

doublereal LiquidTransport::thermalConductivity()
{

    update_T();
    update_C();

    if (!m_lambda_mix_ok) {
        m_lambda = m_lambdaMixModel->getMixTransProp(m_lambdaTempDep_Ns);
        m_cond_mix_ok = true;
    }

    return m_lambda;
}

void LiquidTransport::getThermalDiffCoeffs(doublereal* const dt)
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        dt[k] = 0.0;
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getBinaryDiffCoeffs(size_t ld, doublereal* d)
{
    if (ld != m_nsp)
        throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::getBinaryDiffCoeffs",
                           "First argument does not correspond to number of species in model.\nDiff Coeff matrix may be misdimensioned");
    update_T();

    // if necessary, evaluate the binary diffusion coefficients
    // from the polynomial fits
    if (!m_diff_temp_ok) {
        updateDiff_T();
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nsp; i++) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            //if (!( ( m_bdiff(i,j) > 0.0 ) |  ( m_bdiff(i,j) < 0.0 ))){
            //  throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::getBinaryDiffCoeffs ",
            //      "m_bdiff has zero entry in non-diagonal.");}
            d[ld*j + i] = 1.0 / m_bdiff(i,j);

        }
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getMobilities(doublereal* const mobil)
{
    getMixDiffCoeffs(DATA_PTR(m_spwork));
    doublereal c1 = ElectronCharge / (Boltzmann * m_temp);
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        mobil[k] = c1 * m_spwork[k];
    }
}

void  LiquidTransport::getFluidMobilities(doublereal* const mobil_f)
{
    getMixDiffCoeffs(DATA_PTR(m_spwork));
    doublereal c1 = 1.0 / (GasConstant * m_temp);
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        mobil_f[k] = c1 * m_spwork[k];
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::set_Grad_T(const doublereal* grad_T)
{
    for (size_t a = 0; a < m_nDim; a++) {
        m_Grad_T[a] = grad_T[a];
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::set_Grad_V(const doublereal* grad_V)
{
    for (size_t a = 0; a < m_nDim; a++) {
        m_Grad_V[a] = grad_V[a];
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::set_Grad_X(const doublereal* grad_X)
{
    size_t itop = m_nDim * m_nsp;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < itop; i++) {
        m_Grad_X[i] = grad_X[i];
    }
}

doublereal LiquidTransport::getElectricConduct()
{
    vector_fp gradT(m_nDim,0.0);
    vector_fp gradX(m_nDim * m_nsp);
    vector_fp gradV(m_nDim);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nDim; i++) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            gradX[ i*m_nDim + k] = 0.0;
        }
        gradV[i] = 1.0;
    }

    set_Grad_T(&gradT[0]);
    set_Grad_X(&gradX[0]);
    set_Grad_V(&gradV[0]);

    vector_fp fluxes(m_nsp * m_nDim);
    doublereal current;

    getSpeciesFluxesExt(m_nDim, &fluxes[0]);

    //sum over species charges, fluxes, Faraday to get current
    // Since we want the scalar conductivity, we need only consider one-dim
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 1; i++) {
        current = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            current += m_chargeSpecies[k] *  Faraday  * fluxes[k] / m_mw[k];
        }
        //divide by unit potential gradient
        current /= - gradV[i];
    }
    return current;
}

void LiquidTransport::getElectricCurrent(int ndim,
        const doublereal* grad_T,
        int ldx,
        const doublereal* grad_X,
        int ldf,
        const doublereal* grad_V,
        doublereal* current)
{
    set_Grad_T(grad_T);
    set_Grad_X(grad_X);
    set_Grad_V(grad_V);

    vector_fp fluxes(m_nsp * m_nDim);

    getSpeciesFluxesExt(ldf, &fluxes[0]);

    //sum over species charges, fluxes, Faraday to get current
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nDim; i++) {
        current[i] = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            current[i] += m_chargeSpecies[k] * Faraday * fluxes[k] / m_mw[k];
        }
        //divide by unit potential gradient
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesVdiff(size_t ndim,
                                      const doublereal* grad_T,
                                      int ldx, const doublereal* grad_X,
                                      int ldf, doublereal* Vdiff)
{
    set_Grad_T(grad_T);
    set_Grad_X(grad_X);
    getSpeciesVdiffExt(ldf, Vdiff);
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesVdiffES(size_t ndim,
                                        const doublereal* grad_T,
                                        int ldx,
                                        const doublereal* grad_X,
                                        int ldf,
                                        const doublereal* grad_V,
                                        doublereal* Vdiff)
{
    set_Grad_T(grad_T);
    set_Grad_X(grad_X);
    set_Grad_V(grad_V);
    getSpeciesVdiffExt(ldf, Vdiff);
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesFluxes(size_t ndim,
                                       const doublereal* const grad_T,
                                       size_t ldx, const doublereal* const grad_X,
                                       size_t ldf, doublereal* const fluxes)
{
    set_Grad_T(grad_T);
    set_Grad_X(grad_X);
    getSpeciesFluxesExt(ldf, fluxes);
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesFluxesES(size_t ndim,
        const doublereal* grad_T,
        size_t ldx,
        const doublereal* grad_X,
        size_t ldf,
        const doublereal* grad_V,
        doublereal* fluxes)
{
    set_Grad_T(grad_T);
    set_Grad_X(grad_X);
    set_Grad_V(grad_V);
    getSpeciesFluxesExt(ldf, fluxes);
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesVdiffExt(size_t ldf, doublereal* Vdiff)
{
    stefan_maxwell_solve();

    for (size_t n = 0; n < m_nDim; n++) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            Vdiff[n*ldf + k] = m_Vdiff(k,n);
        }
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getSpeciesFluxesExt(size_t ldf, doublereal* fluxes)
{
    stefan_maxwell_solve();

    for (size_t n = 0; n < m_nDim; n++) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            fluxes[n*ldf + k] = m_flux(k,n);
        }
    }
}

void LiquidTransport::getMixDiffCoeffs(doublereal* const d)
{
    stefan_maxwell_solve();

    for (size_t n = 0; n < m_nDim; n++) {
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            if (m_Grad_X[n*m_nsp + k] != 0.0) {
                d[n*m_nsp + k] = - m_Vdiff(k,n) * m_molefracs[k]
                                 / m_Grad_X[n*m_nsp + k];
            } else {
                //avoid divide by zero with nonsensical response
                d[n*m_nsp + k] = - 1.0;
            }
        }
    }
}

bool LiquidTransport::update_T()
{
    // First make a decision about whether we need to recalculate
    doublereal t = m_thermo->temperature();
    if (t == m_temp) {
        return false;
    }

    // Next do a reality check on temperature value
    if (t < 0.0) {
        throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::update_T()",
                           "negative temperature "+fp2str(t));
    }

    // Compute various direct functions of temperature
    m_temp = t;

    // temperature has changed so temp flags are flipped
    m_visc_temp_ok  = false;
    m_ionCond_temp_ok  = false;
    m_mobRat_temp_ok  = false;
    m_selfDiff_temp_ok  = false;
    m_radi_temp_ok  = false;
    m_diff_temp_ok  = false;
    m_lambda_temp_ok  = false;

    // temperature has changed, so polynomial temperature
    // interpolations will need to be reevaluated.
    // This means that many concentration
    m_visc_conc_ok  = false;
    m_ionCond_conc_ok  = false;
    m_mobRat_conc_ok  = false;
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok  = false;

    // Mixture stuff needs to be evaluated
    m_visc_mix_ok = false;
    m_ionCond_mix_ok = false;
    m_mobRat_mix_ok = false;
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok = false;
    m_diff_mix_ok = false;
    m_lambda_mix_ok = false; //(don't need it because a lower lvl flag is set
    return true;
}

bool LiquidTransport::update_C()
{
    // If the pressure has changed then the concentrations
    // have changed.
    doublereal pres = m_thermo->pressure();
    bool qReturn = true;
    if (pres != m_press) {
        qReturn = false;
        m_press = pres;
    }
    int iStateNew = m_thermo->stateMFNumber();
    if (iStateNew != m_iStateMF) {
        qReturn = false;
        m_thermo->getMassFractions(DATA_PTR(m_massfracs));
        m_thermo->getMoleFractions(DATA_PTR(m_molefracs));
        m_thermo->getConcentrations(DATA_PTR(m_concentrations));
        concTot_ = 0.0;
        concTot_tran_ = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            m_molefracs[k] = std::max(0.0, m_molefracs[k]);
            m_molefracs_tran[k] = std::max(Tiny, m_molefracs[k]);
            m_massfracs_tran[k] = std::max(Tiny, m_massfracs[k]);
            concTot_tran_ += m_molefracs_tran[k];
            concTot_ += m_concentrations[k];
        }
        dens_ = m_thermo->density();
        meanMolecularWeight_ =  m_thermo->meanMolecularWeight();
        concTot_tran_ *= concTot_;
    }
    if (qReturn) {
        return false;
    }

    // signal that concentration-dependent quantities will need to
    // be recomputed before use, and update the local mole
    // fractions.
    m_visc_conc_ok = false;
    m_ionCond_conc_ok = false;
    m_mobRat_conc_ok = false;
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok = false;

    // Mixture stuff needs to be evaluated
    m_visc_mix_ok = false;
    m_ionCond_mix_ok = false;
    m_mobRat_mix_ok = false;
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok = false;
    m_diff_mix_ok = false;
    m_lambda_mix_ok = false;

    return true;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateCond_T()
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_lambdaSpecies[k] = m_lambdaTempDep_Ns[k]->getSpeciesTransProp() ;
    }
    m_lambda_temp_ok = true;
    m_lambda_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateDiff_T()
{
    m_diffMixModel->getMatrixTransProp(m_bdiff);
    m_diff_temp_ok = true;
    m_diff_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateViscosities_C()
{
    m_visc_conc_ok = true;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateViscosity_T()
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_viscSpecies[k] = m_viscTempDep_Ns[k]->getSpeciesTransProp() ;
    }
    m_visc_temp_ok = true;
    m_visc_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateIonConductivity_C()
{
    m_ionCond_conc_ok = true;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateIonConductivity_T()
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_ionCondSpecies[k] = m_ionCondTempDep_Ns[k]->getSpeciesTransProp() ;
    }
    m_ionCond_temp_ok = true;
    m_ionCond_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateMobilityRatio_C()
{
    m_mobRat_conc_ok = true;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateMobilityRatio_T()
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            m_mobRatSpecies(k,j) = m_mobRatTempDep_Ns[k][j]->getSpeciesTransProp();
        }
    }
    m_mobRat_temp_ok = true;
    m_mobRat_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateSelfDiffusion_C()
{
    m_selfDiff_conc_ok = true;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateSelfDiffusion_T()
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp2; k++) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            m_selfDiffSpecies(k,j) = m_selfDiffTempDep_Ns[k][j]->getSpeciesTransProp() ;
        }
    }
    m_selfDiff_temp_ok = true;
    m_selfDiff_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateHydrodynamicRadius_C()
{
    m_radi_conc_ok = true;
}

void LiquidTransport::updateHydrodynamicRadius_T()
{
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_hydrodynamic_radius[k] = m_radiusTempDep_Ns[k]->getSpeciesTransProp() ;
    }
    m_radi_temp_ok = true;
    m_radi_mix_ok = false;
}

void LiquidTransport::update_Grad_lnAC()
{
    doublereal grad_T;
    //    static vector_fp grad_lnAC(m_nsp), grad_X(m_nsp);
    //   IonsFromNeutralVPSSTP * tempIons = dynamic_cast<IonsFromNeutralVPSSTP *> m_thermo;
    //MargulesVPSSTP * tempMarg = dynamic_cast<MargulesVPSSTP *> (tempIons->neutralMoleculePhase_);


    //m_thermo->getdlnActCoeffdlnX( DATA_PTR(grad_lnAC) );
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nDim; k++) {
        grad_T = m_Grad_T[k];
        const int start = m_nsp*k;
        m_thermo->getdlnActCoeffds(grad_T, &(m_Grad_X[start]), &(m_Grad_lnAC[start]));
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nsp; i++)
            if (m_molefracs[i] < 1.e-15) {
                m_Grad_lnAC[start+i] = 0;
            } else {
                m_Grad_lnAC[start+i] += m_Grad_X[start+i]/m_molefracs[i];
            }
        //      std::cout << k << " m_Grad_lnAC = " << m_Grad_lnAC[k] << std::endl;
    }

    return;
}

void LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve()
{
    doublereal tmp;
    m_B.resize(m_nsp, m_nDim, 0.0);
    m_A.resize(m_nsp, m_nsp, 0.0);

    //! grab a local copy of the molecular weights
    const vector_fp& M =  m_thermo->molecularWeights();
    //! grad a local copy of the ion molar volume (inverse total ion concentration)
    const doublereal vol = m_thermo->molarVolume();

    /*
     * Update the temperature, concentrations and diffusion coefficients in the mixture.
     */
    update_T();
    update_C();
    if (!m_diff_temp_ok) {
        updateDiff_T();
    }

    double T = m_thermo->temperature();

    update_Grad_lnAC() ;

    //m_thermo->getStandardVolumes(DATA_PTR(m_volume_spec));
    m_thermo->getActivityCoefficients(DATA_PTR(m_actCoeff));

    /*
     *  Calculate the electrochemical potential gradient. This is the
     *  driving force for relative diffusional transport.
     *
     *  Here we calculate
     *
     *          X_i * (grad (mu_i) + S_i grad T - M_i / dens * grad P
     *
     *   This is  Eqn. 13-1 p. 318 Newman. The original equation is from
     *   Hershfeld, Curtis, and Bird.
     *
     *   S_i is the partial molar entropy of species i. This term will cancel
     *   out a lot of the grad T terms in grad (mu_i), therefore simplifying
     *   the expression.
     *
     *  Ok I think there may be many ways to do this. One way is to do it via basis
     *  functions, at the nodes, as a function of the variables in the problem.
     *
     *  For calculation of molality based thermo systems, we current get
     *  the molar based values. This may change.
     *
     *  Note, we have broken the symmetry of the matrix here, due to
     *  considerations involving species concentrations going to zero.
     *
     */
    for (size_t a = 0; a < m_nDim; a++) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nsp; i++) {
            m_Grad_mu[a*m_nsp + i] =
                m_chargeSpecies[i] *  Faraday * m_Grad_V[a]
                //+  (m_volume_spec[i] - M[i]/dens_) * m_Grad_P[a]
                +  GasConstant * T * m_Grad_lnAC[a*m_nsp+i];
        }
    }

    if (m_thermo->activityConvention() == cAC_CONVENTION_MOLALITY) {
        int iSolvent = 0;
        double mwSolvent = m_thermo->molecularWeight(iSolvent);
        double mnaught = mwSolvent/ 1000.;
        double lnmnaught = log(mnaught);
        for (size_t a = 0; a < m_nDim; a++) {
            for (size_t i = 1; i < m_nsp; i++) {
                m_Grad_mu[a*m_nsp + i] -=
                    m_molefracs[i] * GasConstant * m_Grad_T[a] * lnmnaught;
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Just for Note, m_A(i,j) refers to the ith row and jth column.
     * They are still fortran ordered, so that i varies fastest.
     */

    double condSum1;
    const doublereal invRT = 1.0 / (GasConstant * T);
    switch (m_nDim) {
    case 1:  /* 1-D approximation */

        m_B(0,0) = 0.0;
        //equation for the reference velocity
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            if (m_velocityBasis == VB_MOLEAVG) {
                m_A(0,j) = m_molefracs_tran[j];
            } else if (m_velocityBasis == VB_MASSAVG) {
                m_A(0,j) = m_massfracs_tran[j];
            } else if ((m_velocityBasis >= 0)
                       && (m_velocityBasis < static_cast<int>(m_nsp)))
                // use species number m_velocityBasis as reference velocity
                if (m_velocityBasis == static_cast<int>(j)) {
                    m_A(0,j) = 1.0;
                } else {
                    m_A(0,j) = 0.0;
                }
            else
                throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve",
                                   "Unknown reference velocity provided.");
        }
        for (size_t i = 1; i < m_nsp; i++) {
            m_B(i,0) = m_Grad_mu[i] * invRT;
            m_A(i,i) = 0.0;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
                if (j != i) {
                    //if ( !( m_bdiff(i,j) > 0.0 ) )
                    //throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve",
                    //    "m_bdiff has zero entry in non-diagonal.");
                    tmp = m_molefracs_tran[j] * m_bdiff(i,j);
                    m_A(i,i) -=   tmp;
                    m_A(i,j)  =   tmp;
                }
            }
        }

        //! invert and solve the system  Ax = b. Answer is in m_B
        solve(m_A, m_B);

        /*
        condSum2 = m_chargeSpecies[1]*m_chargeSpecies[1]*m_molefracs_tran[1]*m_bdiff(2,3) +
        m_chargeSpecies[2]*m_chargeSpecies[2]*m_molefracs_tran[2]*m_bdiff(1,3) +
        m_chargeSpecies[3]*m_chargeSpecies[3]*m_molefracs_tran[3]*m_bdiff(1,2);
             condSum1 = m_molefracs_tran[1]*m_bdiff(1,2)*m_bdiff(1,3) +
        m_molefracs_tran[2]*m_bdiff(2,3)*m_bdiff(1,2) +
        m_molefracs_tran[3]*m_bdiff(1,3)*m_bdiff(2,3);
             condSum2 = condSum2/condSum1*Faraday*Faraday/GasConstant/T/vol;
             */

        condSum1 = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_nsp; i++) {
            condSum1 -= Faraday*m_chargeSpecies[i]*m_B(i,0)*m_molefracs_tran[i]/vol;
        }

        /*
        Check Mobility Ratio of Cations
        cout << "mobility ratio = " << m_chargeSpecies[1]*(m_B(1,0)-m_B(2,0))/m_chargeSpecies[0]/(m_B(0,0)-m_B(2,0)) << endl;
        */

        //      cout << condSum1 << " = " << condSum2 << endl;


        break;
    case 2:  /* 2-D approximation */
        m_B(0,0) = 0.0;
        m_B(0,1) = 0.0;
        //equation for the reference velocity
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            if (m_velocityBasis == VB_MOLEAVG) {
                m_A(0,j) = m_molefracs_tran[j];
            } else if (m_velocityBasis == VB_MASSAVG) {
                m_A(0,j) = m_massfracs_tran[j];
            } else if ((m_velocityBasis >= 0)
                       && (m_velocityBasis < static_cast<int>(m_nsp)))
                // use species number m_velocityBasis as reference velocity
                if (m_velocityBasis == static_cast<int>(j)) {
                    m_A(0,j) = 1.0;
                } else {
                    m_A(0,j) = 0.0;
                }
            else
                throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve",
                                   "Unknown reference velocity provided.");
        }
        for (size_t i = 1; i < m_nsp; i++) {
            m_B(i,0) =  m_Grad_mu[i]         * invRT;
            m_B(i,1) =  m_Grad_mu[m_nsp + i] * invRT;
            m_A(i,i) = 0.0;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
                if (j != i) {
                    //if ( !( m_bdiff(i,j) > 0.0 ) )
                    //throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve",
                    //    "m_bdiff has zero entry in non-diagonal.");
                    tmp =  m_molefracs_tran[j] * m_bdiff(i,j);
                    m_A(i,i) -=   tmp;
                    m_A(i,j)  =   tmp;
                }
            }
        }

        //! invert and solve the system  Ax = b. Answer is in m_B
        solve(m_A, m_B);


        break;

    case 3:  /* 3-D approximation */
        m_B(0,0) = 0.0;
        m_B(0,1) = 0.0;
        m_B(0,2) = 0.0;
        //equation for the reference velocity
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            if (m_velocityBasis == VB_MOLEAVG) {
                m_A(0,j) = m_molefracs_tran[j];
            } else if (m_velocityBasis == VB_MASSAVG) {
                m_A(0,j) = m_massfracs_tran[j];
            } else if ((m_velocityBasis >= 0)
                       && (m_velocityBasis < static_cast<int>(m_nsp)))
                // use species number m_velocityBasis as reference velocity
                if (m_velocityBasis == static_cast<int>(j)) {
                    m_A(0,j) = 1.0;
                } else {
                    m_A(0,j) = 0.0;
                }
            else
                throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve",
                                   "Unknown reference velocity provided.");
        }
        for (size_t i = 1; i < m_nsp; i++) {
            m_B(i,0) = m_Grad_mu[i]           * invRT;
            m_B(i,1) = m_Grad_mu[m_nsp + i]   * invRT;
            m_B(i,2) = m_Grad_mu[2*m_nsp + i] * invRT;
            m_A(i,i) = 0.0;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
                if (j != i) {
                    //if ( !( m_bdiff(i,j) > 0.0 ) )
                    //throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::stefan_maxwell_solve",
                    //    "m_bdiff has zero entry in non-diagonal.");
                    tmp =  m_molefracs_tran[j] * m_bdiff(i,j);
                    m_A(i,i) -=   tmp;
                    m_A(i,j)  = tmp;
                }
            }
        }

        //! invert and solve the system  Ax = b. Answer is in m_B
        solve(m_A, m_B);

        break;
    default:
        printf("unimplemented\n");
        throw CanteraError("routine", "not done");
        break;
    }

    for (size_t a = 0; a < m_nDim; a++) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < m_nsp; j++) {
            m_Vdiff(j,a) = m_B(j,a);
            m_flux(j,a) = concTot_ * M[j] * m_molefracs_tran[j] * m_B(j,a);
        }
    }
}

doublereal LiquidTransport::err(const std::string& msg) const
{
    throw CanteraError("LiquidTransport::err()",
                       "\n\n\n**** Method "+ msg +" not implemented in model "
                       + int2str(model()) + " ****\n"
                       "(Did you forget to specify a transport model?)\n\n\n");
    return 0.0;
}

}