IonFlow.cpp

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//! @file IonFlow.cpp
 
// This file is part of Cantera. See License.txt in the top-level directory or
// at https://cantera.org/license.txt for license and copyright information.
 
#include "cantera/oneD/IonFlow.h"
#include "cantera/oneD/StFlow.h"
#include "cantera/oneD/refine.h"
#include "cantera/transport/Transport.h"
#include "cantera/numerics/funcs.h"
#include "cantera/numerics/polyfit.h"
#include "cantera/base/utilities.h"
#include "cantera/base/global.h"
 
namespace Cantera
{
 
IonFlow::IonFlow(ThermoPhase* ph, size_t nsp, size_t points) :
    StFlow(ph, nsp, points)
{
    // make a local copy of species charge
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
        m_speciesCharge.push_back(m_thermo->charge(k));
    }
 
    // Find indices for charge of species
    for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++){
        if (m_speciesCharge[k] != 0){
            m_kCharge.push_back(k);
        } else {
            m_kNeutral.push_back(k);
        }
    }
 
    // Find the index of electron
    if (m_thermo->speciesIndex("E") != npos ) {
        m_kElectron = m_thermo->speciesIndex("E");
    }
 
    // no bound for electric potential
    setBounds(c_offset_E, -1.0e20, 1.0e20);
 
    // Set tighter negative species limit on charged species to avoid
    // instabilities. Tolerance on electrons is even tighter to account for the
    // low "molecular" weight.
    for (size_t k : m_kCharge) {
        setBounds(c_offset_Y + k, -1e-14, 1.0);
    }
    setBounds(c_offset_Y + m_kElectron, -1e-18, 1.0);
 
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_E, false);
    m_mobility.resize(m_nsp*m_points);
    m_do_electric_field.resize(m_points,false);
}
 
IonFlow::IonFlow(shared_ptr<Solution> sol, const string& id, size_t points)
    : IonFlow(sol->thermo().get(), sol->thermo()->nSpecies(), points)
{
    m_solution = sol;
    m_id = id;
    m_kin = m_solution->kinetics().get();
    m_trans = m_solution->transport().get();
    if (m_trans->transportModel() == "none") {
        // @deprecated
        warn_deprecated("IonFlow",
            "An appropriate transport model\nshould be set when instantiating the "
            "Solution ('gas') object.\nImplicit setting of the transport model "
            "is deprecated and\nwill be removed after Cantera 3.0.");
        setTransportModel("ionized-gas");
    }
    m_solution->registerChangedCallback(this, [this]() {
        setKinetics(m_solution->kinetics());
        setTransport(m_solution->transport());
    });
}
 
string IonFlow::type() const {
    if (m_isFree) {
        return "free-ion-flow";
    }
    if (m_usesLambda) {
        return "axisymmetric-ion-flow";
    }
    return "unstrained-ion-flow";
}
 
void IonFlow::resize(size_t components, size_t points){
    StFlow::resize(components, points);
    m_mobility.resize(m_nsp*m_points);
    m_do_species.resize(m_nsp,true);
    m_do_electric_field.resize(m_points,false);
}
 
bool IonFlow::componentActive(size_t n) const
{
    if (n == c_offset_E) {
        return true;
    } else {
        return StFlow::componentActive(n);
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::updateTransport(double* x, size_t j0, size_t j1)
{
    StFlow::updateTransport(x,j0,j1);
    for (size_t j = j0; j < j1; j++) {
        setGasAtMidpoint(x,j);
        m_trans->getMobilities(&m_mobility[j*m_nsp]);
        if (m_import_electron_transport) {
            size_t k = m_kElectron;
            double tlog = log(m_thermo->temperature());
            m_mobility[k+m_nsp*j] = poly5(tlog, m_mobi_e_fix.data());
            m_diff[k+m_nsp*j] = poly5(tlog, m_diff_e_fix.data());
        }
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::updateDiffFluxes(const double* x, size_t j0, size_t j1)
{
    if (m_stage == 1) {
        frozenIonMethod(x,j0,j1);
    }
    if (m_stage == 2) {
        electricFieldMethod(x,j0,j1);
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::frozenIonMethod(const double* x, size_t j0, size_t j1)
{
    for (size_t j = j0; j < j1; j++) {
        double wtm = m_wtm[j];
        double rho = density(j);
        double dz = z(j+1) - z(j);
        double sum = 0.0;
        for (size_t k : m_kNeutral) {
            m_flux(k,j) = m_wt[k]*(rho*m_diff[k+m_nsp*j]/wtm);
            m_flux(k,j) *= (X(x,k,j) - X(x,k,j+1))/dz;
            sum -= m_flux(k,j);
        }
 
        // correction flux to insure that \sum_k Y_k V_k = 0.
        for (size_t k : m_kNeutral) {
            m_flux(k,j) += sum*Y(x,k,j);
        }
 
        // flux for ions
        // Set flux to zero to prevent some fast charged species (such electrons)
        // to run away
        for (size_t k : m_kCharge) {
            m_flux(k,j) = 0;
        }
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::electricFieldMethod(const double* x, size_t j0, size_t j1)
{
    for (size_t j = j0; j < j1; j++) {
        double wtm = m_wtm[j];
        double rho = density(j);
        double dz = z(j+1) - z(j);
 
        // mixture-average diffusion
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            m_flux(k,j) = m_wt[k]*(rho*m_diff[k+m_nsp*j]/wtm);
            m_flux(k,j) *= (X(x,k,j) - X(x,k,j+1))/dz;
        }
 
        // ambipolar diffusion
        double E_ambi = E(x,j);
        for (size_t k : m_kCharge) {
            double Yav = 0.5 * (Y(x,k,j) + Y(x,k,j+1));
            double drift = rho * Yav * E_ambi
                           * m_speciesCharge[k] * m_mobility[k+m_nsp*j];
            m_flux(k,j) += drift;
        }
 
        // correction flux
        double sum_flux = 0.0;
        for (size_t k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
            sum_flux -= m_flux(k,j); // total net flux
        }
        double sum_ion = 0.0;
        for (size_t k : m_kCharge) {
            sum_ion += Y(x,k,j);
        }
        // The portion of correction for ions is taken off
        for (size_t k : m_kNeutral) {
            m_flux(k,j) += Y(x,k,j) / (1-sum_ion) * sum_flux;
        }
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::setSolvingStage(const size_t stage)
{
    if (stage == 1 || stage == 2) {
        m_stage = stage;
    } else {
        throw CanteraError("IonFlow::setSolvingStage",
                    "solution stage must be set to: "
                    "1) frozenIonMethod, "
                    "2) electricFieldEqnMethod");
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::evalResidual(double* x, double* rsd, int* diag,
                           double rdt, size_t jmin, size_t jmax)
{
    StFlow::evalResidual(x, rsd, diag, rdt, jmin, jmax);
    if (m_stage != 2) {
        return;
    }
 
    for (size_t j = jmin; j <= jmax; j++) {
        if (j == 0) {
            // enforcing the flux for charged species is difficult
            // since charged species are also affected by electric
            // force, so Neumann boundary condition is used.
            for (size_t k : m_kCharge) {
                rsd[index(c_offset_Y + k, 0)] = Y(x,k,0) - Y(x,k,1);
            }
            rsd[index(c_offset_E, j)] = E(x,0);
            diag[index(c_offset_E, j)] = 0;
        } else if (j == m_points - 1) {
            rsd[index(c_offset_E, j)] = dEdz(x,j) - rho_e(x,j) / epsilon_0;
            diag[index(c_offset_E, j)] = 0;
        } else {
            //-----------------------------------------------
            //    Electric field by Gauss's law
            //
            //    dE/dz = e/eps_0 * sum(q_k*n_k)
            //
            //    E = -dV/dz
            //-----------------------------------------------
            rsd[index(c_offset_E, j)] = dEdz(x,j) - rho_e(x,j) / epsilon_0;
            diag[index(c_offset_E, j)] = 0;
        }
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::solveElectricField(size_t j)
{
    bool changed = false;
    if (j == npos) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_points; i++) {
            if (!m_do_electric_field[i]) {
                changed = true;
            }
            m_do_electric_field[i] = true;
        }
    } else {
        if (!m_do_electric_field[j]) {
            changed = true;
        }
        m_do_electric_field[j] = true;
    }
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_U, true);
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_V, true);
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_T, true);
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_E, true);
    if (changed) {
        needJacUpdate();
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::fixElectricField(size_t j)
{
    bool changed = false;
    if (j == npos) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_points; i++) {
            if (m_do_electric_field[i]) {
                changed = true;
            }
            m_do_electric_field[i] = false;
        }
    } else {
        if (m_do_electric_field[j]) {
            changed = true;
        }
        m_do_electric_field[j] = false;
    }
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_U, false);
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_V, false);
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_T, false);
    m_refiner->setActive(c_offset_E, false);
    if (changed) {
        needJacUpdate();
    }
}
 
void IonFlow::setElectronTransport(vector<double>& tfix, vector<double>& diff_e,
                                   vector<double>& mobi_e)
{
    m_import_electron_transport = true;
    size_t degree = 5;
    size_t n = tfix.size();
    vector<double> tlog;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        tlog.push_back(log(tfix[i]));
    }
    vector<double> w(n, -1.0);
    m_diff_e_fix.resize(degree + 1);
    m_mobi_e_fix.resize(degree + 1);
    polyfit(n, degree, tlog.data(), diff_e.data(), w.data(), m_diff_e_fix.data());
    polyfit(n, degree, tlog.data(), mobi_e.data(), w.data(), m_mobi_e_fix.data());
}
 
void IonFlow::_finalize(const double* x)
{
    StFlow::_finalize(x);
 
    bool p = m_do_electric_field[0];
    if (p) {
        solveElectricField();
    }
}
 
}