Species#

The fields of a species entry are:

name: String identifier used for the species. Required.
composition: Mapping that specifies the elemental composition of the species, for example, {C: 1, H: 4}. Required.
thermo: Mapping containing the reference state thermodynamic model specification and parameters. See Species thermo models.
equation-of-state: A mapping or list of mappings. Each mapping contains an equation of state model specification for the species, any parameters for that model, and any parameters for interactions with other species. See Species equation of state models. If this field is absent and a model is required, the ideal-gas model is assumed.
critical-parameters: Mapping containing parameters related to the critical state of a species. Used in models that incorporate “real gas” effects, such as Redlich-Kwong. See Species critical state parameters.
transport: Mapping containing the species transport model specification and parameters. See Species transport models.
coverage-dependencies: Mapping where keys are the names of other species whose coverages affects thermodynamic properties of this species. The map values are the dependency entries including model and model-specific parameters as described here.
sites: The number of sites occupied by a surface or edge species. Default is 1.
Debye-Huckel: Additional model parameters used in the Debye-Hückel model. See Debye-Huckel for more information.

Species thermo models#

Fields of a species thermo entry used by all models are:

model

String specifying the model to be used. Required. Supported model strings are:

NASA7 (details)
NASA9 (details)
Shomate (details)
constant-cp (details)
piecewise-Gibbs (details)

reference-pressure

The reference pressure at which the given thermodynamic properties apply. Defaults to 1 atm.

NASA 7-coefficient polynomials#

The polynomial form described here, given for one or two temperature regions. Additional fields of a NASA7 thermo entry are:

temperature-ranges: A list giving the temperature intervals on which the polynomials are valid. For one temperature region, this list contains the minimum and maximum temperatures for the polynomial. For two temperature regions, this list contains the minimum, intermediate, and maximum temperatures.
data: A list with one item per temperature region, where that item is a 7 item list of polynomial coefficients. The temperature regions are arranged in ascending order. Note that this is different from the standard CHEMKIN formulation that uses two temperature regions listed in descending order.

Example:

thermo:
  model: NASA7
  temperature-ranges: [300.0, 1000.0, 5000.0]
  data:
  - [3.298677, 0.0014082404, -3.963222e-06, 5.641515e-09,
    -2.444854e-12, -1020.8999, 3.950372]
  - [2.92664, 0.0014879768, -5.68476e-07, 1.0097038e-10,
    -6.753351e-15, -922.7977, 5.980528]

NASA 9-coefficient polynomials#

The polynomial form described here, given for any number of temperature regions. Additional fields of a NASA9 thermo entry are:

temperature-ranges: A list giving the temperature intervals on which the polynomials are valid. This list contains the minimum temperature, the intermediate temperatures between each set pair of regions, and the maximum temperature.
data: A list with one item per temperature region, where that item is a 9 item list of polynomial coefficients. The temperature regions are arranged in ascending order.

Example:

thermo:
  model: NASA9
  temperature-ranges: [200.00, 1000.00, 6000.0, 20000]
  reference-pressure: 1 bar
  data:
  - [2.210371497E+04, -3.818461820E+02, 6.082738360E+00, -8.530914410E-03,
     1.384646189E-05, -9.625793620E-09, 2.519705809E-12, 7.108460860E+02,
     -1.076003744E+01]
  - [5.877124060E+05, -2.239249073E+03, 6.066949220E+00, -6.139685500E-04,
     1.491806679E-07,  -1.923105485E-11, 1.061954386E-15, 1.283210415E+04,
     -1.586640027E+01]
  - [8.310139160E+08, -6.420733540E+05, 2.020264635E+02, -3.065092046E-02,
     2.486903333E-06, -9.705954110E-11, 1.437538881E-15, 4.938707040E+06,
     -1.672099740E+03]

Shomate polynomials#

The polynomial form described here, given for one or two temperature regions. Additional fields of a Shomate thermo entry are:

temperature-ranges: A list giving the temperature intervals on which the polynomials are valid. For one temperature region, this list contains the minimum and maximum temperatures for the polynomial. For two temperature regions, this list contains the minimum, intermediate, and maximum temperatures.
data: A list with one item per temperature region, where that item is a 7 item list of polynomial coefficients. The temperature regions are arranged in ascending order.

Example:

thermo:
  model: Shomate
  temperature-ranges: [298, 1300, 6000]
  reference-pressure: 1 bar
  data:
  - [25.56759, 6.096130, 4.054656, -2.671301, 0.131021,
    -118.0089, 227.3665]
  - [35.15070, 1.300095, -0.205921, 0.013550, -3.282780,
    -127.8375, 231.7120]

Constant heat capacity#

The constant heat capacity model described here. Additional fields of a constant-cp thermo entry are:

T0: The reference temperature. Defaults to 298.15 K.
h0: The molar enthalpy at the reference temperature. Defaults to 0.0.
s0: The molar entropy at the reference temperature. Defaults to 0.0.
cp0: The heat capacity at constant pressure. Defaults to 0.0.
T-min: The minimum temperature at which this thermo data should be used. Defaults to 0.0.
T-max: The maximum temperature at which this thermo data should be used. Defaults to infinity.

Example:

thermo:
  model: constant-cp
  T0: 1000 K
  h0: 9.22 kcal/mol
  s0: -3.02 cal/mol/K
  cp0: 5.95 cal/mol/K

Piecewise Gibbs#

A model based on piecewise interpolation of the Gibbs free energy as described here. Additional fields of a piecewise-Gibbs entry are:

h0: The molar enthalpy at the reference temperature of 298.15 K. Defaults to 0.0.
dimensionless: A boolean flag indicating whether the values of the Gibbs free energy are given in a dimensionless form, that is, divided by \(RT\). Defaults to false.
data: A mapping of temperatures to values of the Gibbs free energy. The Gibbs free energy can be either in molar units (if dimensionless is false) or nondimensionalized by the corresponding temperature (if dimensionless is true). A value must be provided at \(T^\circ = 298.15\) K.
T-min: The minimum temperature at which this thermo data should be used. Defaults to 0.0.
T-max: The maximum temperature at which this thermo data should be used. Defaults to infinity.

Example:

thermo:
  model: piecewise-Gibbs
  h0: -230.015 kJ/mol
  dimensionless: true
  data: {298.15: -91.50963, 333.15: -85.0}

Species critical state parameters#

critical-temperature: The critical temperature of the species [K]
critical-pressure: The critical pressure of the species [Pa]
acentric-factor: Pitzer’s acentric factor \(omega\) [-]

Species equation of state models#

model

String specifying the model to be used. Required. Supported model strings are:

constant-volume (details)
density-temperature-polynomial (details)
HKFT (details)
ideal-gas (details)
ions-from-neutral-molecule (details)
liquid-water-IAPWS95 (details)
molar-volume-temperature-polynomial (details)
Peng-Robinson (details)
Redlich-Kwong (details)

Constant volume#

A constant volume model as described here.

Any one of the following may be specified:

molar-volume: The molar volume of the species.
molar-density: The molar density of the species.
density: The mass density of the species.

Example:

equation-of-state:
  model: constant-volume
  molar-volume: 1.3 cm^3/mol

Density temperature polynomial#

A model in which the density varies with temperature as described here.

Additional fields:

data: Vector of 4 coefficients for a cubic polynomial in temperature

Example:

equation-of-state:
  model: density-temperature-polynomial
  units: {mass: g, length: cm}
  data: [0.536504, -1.04279e-4, 3.84825e-9, -5.2853e-12]

HKFT#

The Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers-Tanger model as described here.

Additional fields:

h0: Enthalpy of formation at the reference temperature and pressure
s0: Entropy of formation at the reference temperature and pressure
a: 4-element vector containing the coefficients \(a_1, \ldots , a_4\)
c: 2-element vector containing the coefficients \(c_1\) and \(c_2\)
omega: The \(\omega\) parameter at the reference temperature and pressure

Example:

equation-of-state:
  model: HKFT
  h0: -57433. cal/gmol
  s0: 13.96 cal/gmol/K
  a: [0.1839 cal/gmol/bar, -228.5 cal/gmol,
     3.256 cal*K/gmol/bar, -27260. cal*K/gmol]
  c: [18.18 cal/gmol/K, -29810. cal*K/gmol]
  omega: 33060 cal/gmol

Ideal gas#

A species using the ideal gas equation of state, as described here.

Deprecated since version 3.0: This species thermo model is deprecated and will be removed after Cantera 3.0.

Ions from neutral molecule#

A species equation of state model used with the ions-from-neutral-molecule phase model, as described here.

Deprecated since version 3.0: This species thermo model is deprecated and will be removed after Cantera 3.0.

Additional fields:

special-species: Boolean indicating whether the species is the “special species” in the phase. Default is false.
multipliers: A dictionary mapping species to neutral species multiplier values.

Example:

equation-of-state:
  model: ions-from-neutral-molecule
  multipliers: {KCl(l): 1.2}

Liquid Water IAPWS95#

A detailed equation of state for liquid water as described here.

Molar volume temperature polynomial#

A model in which the molar volume varies with temperature as described here.

Additional fields:

data: Vector of 4 coefficients for a cubic polynomial in temperature

Peng-Robinson#

A model where species follow the Peng-Robinson equation of state as described here.

Additional fields:

a: Pure-species a coefficient [Pa*m^6/kmol^2]
b: Pure-species b coefficient [m^3/kmol]
acentric-factor: Pitzer’s acentric factor [-]
binary-a: Optional mapping where the keys are species names and the values are the a coefficients for binary interactions between the two species.

Example:

equation-of-state:
  model: Peng-Robinson
  units: {length: cm, quantity: mol}
  a: 5.998873E+11
  b: 18.9714
  acentric-factor: 0.344
  binary-a:
    H2: 4 bar*cm^6/mol^2
    CO2: 7.897e7 bar*cm^6/mol^2

Redlich-Kwong#

A model where species follow the Redlich-Kwong equation of state as described here.

Additional fields:

a: Pure-species a coefficient. Scalar or list of two values for a temperature-dependent expression.
b: Pure-species b coefficient.
binary-a: Mapping where the keys are species and the values are the a coefficients for binary interactions between the two species.

Species transport models#

model: String specifying the model type. The only model that is specifically handled is gas.

Gas transport#

Species transport properties are a rare exception to Cantera’s use of SI units, and use the units in which these properties are customarily reported. No conversions are supported.

The additional fields of a gas transport entry are:

geometry: A string specifying the geometry of the molecule. One of atom, linear, or nonlinear.
diameter: The Lennard-Jones collision diameter [Å]
well-depth: The Lennard-Jones well depth [K]
dipole: The permanent dipole moment [Debye]. Default 0.0.
polarizability: The dipole polarizability [Å^3]. Default 0.0.
rotational-relaxation: The rotational relaxation collision number at 298 K [-]. Default 0.0.
acentric-factor: Pitzer’s acentric factor [-]. Default 0.0. This value may also be specified as part of the critical-parameters field, in which case the value provided there supersedes this one.
dispersion-coefficient: The dispersion coefficient, normalized by \(e^2\) [Å^5]. Default 0.0.
quadrupole-polarizability: The quadrupole polarizability [Å^5]. Default 0.0.

Example:

transport:
  model: gas
  geometry: linear
  well-depth: 107.4
  diameter: 3.458
  polarizability: 1.6
  rotational-relaxation: 3.8

Species coverage dependencies#

The coverage-dependent surface species formulation calculates coverage-dependent correction factors to the ideal surface phase properties. Used in conjunction with the coverage-dependent-surface phase model. Full details are described here.

Fields of a species coverage-dependencies map entry used by all models are:

model

String specifying the model to be used. Required. Supported model strings are:

linear (details)
polynomial (details)
piecewise-linear (details)
interpolative (details)

Linear dependency model#

enthalpy: Slope of the coverage-dependent enthalpy.
entropy: Slope of the coverage-dependent entropy.

Example:

coverage-dependencies:
  O_Pt:
    model: linear
    units: {energy: eV, quantity: molec}
    enthalpy: 0.48
    entropy: -0.031
  # + other entries (optional)

Polynomial dependency model#

enthalpy-coefficients: Array of polynomial coefficients in order of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-order used in coverage-dependent enthalpy calculation.
entropy-coefficients: Array of polynomial coefficients in order of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-order used in coverage-dependent entropy calculation.

Example:

coverage-dependencies:
  OC_Pt:
    model: polynomial
    units: {energy: J, quantity: mol}
    enthalpy-coefficients: [0.0, -3.86e4, 0.0, 4.2e5]
    entropy-coefficients: [0.8e3, 0.0, -1.26e4, 0.0]
  # + other entries (optional)

Piecewise-linear dependency model#

enthalpy-low: Slope of the coverage-dependent enthalpy for the lower coverage region.
entropy-low: Slope of the coverage-dependent entropy for the lower coverage region.
enthalpy-high: Slope of the coverage-dependent enthalpy for the higher coverage region.
entropy-high: Slope of the coverage-dependent entropy for the higher coverage region.
enthalpy-change: Coverage that separates the lower and higher coverage regions of the coverage-dependent enthalpy.
entropy-change: Coverage that separates the lower and higher coverage regions of the coverage-dependent entropy.
heat-capacity-a: Coefficient \(c^{(a)}\) used in the coverage-dependent heat capacity model.
heat-capacity-b: Coefficient \(c^{(b)}\) used in the coverage-dependent heat capacity model.

Example:

coverage-dependencies:
  CO2_Pt:
    model: piecewise-linear
    units: {energy: kJ, quantity: mol}
    enthalpy-low: 0.5e2
    enthalpy-high: 1.0e2
    enthalpy-change: 0.4
    entropy-low: 0.1e2
    entropy-high: -0.2e2
    entropy-change: 0.4
    heat-capacity-a: 0.02e-1
    heat-capacity-b: -0.156e-1
  # + other entries (optional)

Interpolative dependency model#

enthalpy-coverages: Array of discrete coverage values used in coverage-dependent enthalpy.
entropy-coverages: Array of discrete coverage values used in coverage-dependent entropy.
enthalpies: Array of discrete enthalpy values corresponding to the coverages in enthalpy-coverages.
entropies: Array of discrete entropy values corresponding to the coverages in entropy-coverages.

Example:

coverage-dependencies:
  C_Pt:
    model: interpolative
    units: {energy: kcal, quantity: mol}
    enthalpy-coverages: [0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0]
    entropy-coverages: [0.0, 0.5, 1.0]
    enthalpies: [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.7, 3.5, 4.0]
    entropies: [0.0, -0.7, -2.0]
  # + other entries (optional)