.. py:currentmodule:: cantera
Tutorial
========
Getting Started
---------------
Start by opening an interactive Python session, e.g., by running `IPython
`_. Import the Cantera Python module and NumPy by running::
>>> import cantera as ct
>>> import numpy as np
When using Cantera, the first thing you usually need is an object representing
some phase of matter. Here, we'll create a gas mixture::
>>> gas1 = ct.Solution('gri30.xml')
To view the state of the mixture, *call* the `gas1` object as if it were a
function::
>>> gas1()
You should see something like this::
gri30:
temperature 300 K
pressure 101325 Pa
density 0.0818891 kg/m^3
mean mol. weight 2.01588 amu
1 kg 1 kmol
----------- ------------
enthalpy 26470.1 5.336e+04 J
internal energy -1.21087e+06 -2.441e+06 J
entropy 64913.9 1.309e+05 J/K
Gibbs function -1.94477e+07 -3.92e+07 J
heat capacity c_p 14311.8 2.885e+04 J/K
heat capacity c_v 10187.3 2.054e+04 J/K
X Y Chem. Pot. / RT
------------- ------------ ------------
H2 1 1 -15.7173
[ +52 minor] 0 0
What you have just done is to create an object, `gas1` that implements GRI-
Mech 3.0, the 53-species, 325-reaction natural gas combustion mechanism
developed by Gregory P. Smith, David M. Golden, Michael Frenklach, Nigel W.
Moriarty, Boris Eiteneer, Mikhail Goldenberg, C. Thomas Bowman, Ronald K.
Hanson, Soonho Song, William C. Gardiner, Jr., Vitali V. Lissianski, and
Zhiwei Qin. See http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/ for more information.
The `gas1` object has properties you would expect for a gas mixture - it has a
temperature, a pressure, species mole and mass fractions, etc. As we'll soon
see, it has many more properties.
The summary of the state of `gas1` printed above shows that new objects
created from the `gri30.xml` input file start out with a temperature of 300 K,
a pressure of 1 atm, and have a composition that consists of only one species,
in this case hydrogen. There is nothing special about H2 - it just happens to
be the first species listed in the input file defining GRI-Mech 3.0. In
general, whichever species is listed first will initially have a mole fraction
of 1.0, and all of the others will be zero.
Setting the State
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The state of the object can easily be changed. For example::
>>> gas1.TP = 1200, 101325
sets the temperature to 1200 K and the pressure to 101325 Pa (Cantera always
uses SI units). After this statement, calling ``gas1()`` results in::
gri30:
temperature 1200 K
pressure 101325 Pa
density 0.0204723 kg/m^3
mean mol. weight 2.01588 amu
1 kg 1 kmol
----------- ------------
enthalpy 1.32956e+07 2.68e+07 J
internal energy 8.34619e+06 1.682e+07 J
entropy 85227.6 1.718e+05 J/K
Gibbs function -8.89775e+07 -1.794e+08 J
heat capacity c_p 15377.9 3.1e+04 J/K
heat capacity c_v 11253.4 2.269e+04 J/K
X Y Chem. Pot. / RT
------------- ------------ ------------
H2 1 1 -17.9775
[ +52 minor] 0 0
Notice that the temperature has been changed as requested, but the pressure
has changed too. The density and composition have not.
Thermodynamics generally requires that *two* properties in addition to
composition information be specified to fix the intensive state of a substance
(or mixture). The state of the mixture can be set using several combinations
of two properties. The following are all equivalent::
>>> gas1.TP = 1200, 101325 # temperature, pressure
>>> gas1.TD = 1200, 0.0204723 # temperature, density
>>> gas1.HP = 1.32956e7, 101325 # specific enthalpy, pressure
>>> gas1.UV = 8.34619e6, 1/0.0204723 # specific internal energy, specific volume
>>> gas1.SP = 85227.6, 101325 # specific entropy, pressure
>>> gas1.SV = 85227.6, 1/0.0204723 # specific entropy, specific volume
In each case, the values of the extensive properties must be entered *per unit
mass*.
Properties may be read independently or together::
>>> gas1.T
1200.0
>>> gas1.h
13295567.68
>>> gas1.UV
(8346188.494954427, 48.8465747765848)
The composition can be set in terms of either mole fractions (``X``) or mass
fractions (``Y``)::
>>> gas1.X = 'CH4:1, O2:2, N2:7.52'
Mass and mole fractions can also be set using `dict` objects, for cases where
the composition is stored in a variable or being computed::
>>> phi = 0.8
>>> gas1.X = {'CH4':1, 'O2':2/phi, 'N2':2*3.76/phi}
When the composition alone is changed, the temperature and density are held
constant. This means that the pressure and other intensive properties will
change. The composition can also be set in conjunction with the intensive
properties of the mixture::
>>> gas1.TPX = 1200, 101325, 'CH4:1, O2:2, N2:7.52'
>>> gas1()
results in::
gri30:
temperature 1200 K
pressure 101325 Pa
density 0.280629 kg/m^3
mean mol. weight 27.6332 amu
1 kg 1 kmol
----------- ------------
enthalpy 861943 2.382e+07 J
internal energy 500879 1.384e+07 J
entropy 8914.3 2.463e+05 J/K
Gibbs function -9.83522e+06 -2.718e+08 J
heat capacity c_p 1397.26 3.861e+04 J/K
heat capacity c_v 1096.38 3.03e+04 J/K
X Y Chem. Pot. / RT
------------- ------------ ------------
O2 0.190114 0.220149 -28.7472
CH4 0.095057 0.0551863 -35.961
N2 0.714829 0.724665 -25.6789
[ +50 minor] 0 0
The composition above was specified using a string. The format is a comma-
separated list of ``:`` pairs. The mole
numbers will be normalized to produce the mole fractions, and therefore they
are "relative" mole numbers. Mass fractions can be set in this way too by
changing ``X`` to ``Y`` in the above statements.
The composition can also be set using an array, which must have the same size
as the number of species. For example, to set all 53 mole fractions to the
same value, do this::
>>> gas1.X = np.ones(53) # NumPy array of 53 ones
Or, to set all the mass fractions to equal values::
>>> gas1.Y = np.ones(53)
When setting the state, you can control what properties are held constant by
passing the special value `None` to the property setter. For example, to
change the specific volume to 2.1 m^3/kg while holding entropy constant::
>>> gas1.SV = None, 2.1
Or to set the mass fractions while holding temperature and pressure constant::
>>> gas1.TPX = None, None, 'CH4:1.0, O2:0.5'
Working with a Subset of Species
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Many properties of a `Solution` provide values for each species present in the
phase. If you want to get values only for a subset of these species, you can use
Python's "slicing" syntax to select data for just the species of interest. To
get the mole fractions of just the major species in `gas1`, in the order
specified, you can write:
>>> Xmajor = gas1['CH4','O2','CO2','H2O','N2'].X
If you want to use the same set of species repeatedly, you can keep a reference
to the sliced phase object:
>>> major = gas1['CH4','O2','CO2','H2O','N2']
>>> cp_major = major.partial_molar_cp
>>> wdot_major = major.net_production_rates
The slice object and the original object share the same internal state, so
modifications to one will affect the other.
Working With Mechanism Files
----------------------------
In previous example, we created an object that models an ideal gas mixture
with the species and reactions of GRI-Mech 3.0, using the ``gri30.xml`` input
file included with Cantera. This is a "pre-processed" XML input file written
in a format that is easy for Cantera to parse. Cantera also supports an input
file format that is easier to write, called *CTI*. Several reaction mechanism
files in this format are included with Cantera, including ones that model
high- temperature air, a hydrogen/oxygen reaction mechanism, and a few surface
reaction mechanisms. These files are usually located in the ``data``
subdirectory of the Cantera installation directory, e.g. ``C:\\Program
Files\\Cantera\\data`` on Windows or ``/usr/local/cantera/data/`` on
Unix/Linux/Mac OS X machines, depending on how you installed Cantera and the
options you specified.
If for some reason Cantera has difficulty finding where these files are on your
system, set environment variable ``CANTERA_DATA`` to the directory or
directories (separated using ``;`` on Windows or ``:`` on other operating
systems) where they are located. Alternatively, you can call function
`add_directory` to add a directory to the Cantera search path::
>>> ct.add_directory('/usr/local/cantera/my_data_files')
Cantera input files are plain text files, and can be created with any text
editor. See the document :ref:`sec-defining-phases` for more information.
A Cantera input file may contain more than one phase specification, or may
contain specifications of interfaces (surfaces). Here we import definitions of
two bulk phases and the interface between them from file ``diamond.cti``::
>>> gas2 = ct.Solution('diamond.cti', 'gas')
>>> diamond = ct.Solution('diamond.cti', 'diamond')
>>> diamond_surf = ct.Interface('diamond.cti' , 'diamond_100',
[gas2, diamond])
Note that the bulk (i.e., 3D or homogeneous) phases that participate in the
surface reactions must also be passed as arguments to `Interface`.
Converting CK-format files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
See :ref:`sec-ck-format-conversion` in the :ref:`sec-input-files` documentation.
Getting Help
------------
In addition to the Sphinx-generated :ref:`sec-cython-documentation`,
documentation of the Python classes and their methods can be accessed from
within the Python interpreter as well.
Suppose you have created a Cantera object and want to know what methods are
available for it, and get help on using the methods::
>>> g = ct.Solution('gri30.xml')
To get help on the Python class that this object is an instance of::
>>> help(g)
For a simple list of the properties and methods of this object::
>>> dir(g)
To get help on a specific method, e.g. the ``species_index`` method::
>>> help(g.species_index)
For properties, getting the documentation is slightly trickier, as the usual
method will give you the help for the *result*, e.g.::
>>> help(g.T)
will provide help on Python's ``float`` class. To get the help for the
temperature property, ask for the attribute of the class object itself::
>>> help(g.__class__.T)
If you are using the IPython shell, help can also be obtained using the `?`
syntax::
In[1]: g.species_index?
Chemical Equilibrium
--------------------
To set a gas mixture to a state of chemical equilibrium, use the equilibrate
method::
>>> import cantera as ct
>>> g = ct.Solution('gri30.xml')
>>> g.TPX = 300.0, ct.one_atm, 'CH4:0.95,O2:2,N2:7.52'
>>> g.equilibrate('TP')
The above statement sets the state of object ``g`` to the state of chemical
equilibrium holding temperature and pressure fixed. Alternatively, the
specific enthalpy and pressure can be held fixed::
>>> g.TPX = 300.0, ct.one_atm, 'CH4:0.95,O2:2,N2:7.52'
>>> g.equilibrate('HP')
Other options are:
- 'UV' fixed specific internal energy and specific volume
- 'SV' fixed specific entropy and specific volume
- 'SP' fixed specific entropy and pressure
How can you tell if ``equilibrate`` has correctly found the chemical equilibrium
state? One way is verify that the net rates of progress of all reversible
reactions are zero. Here is the code to do this:
>>> g.TPX = 300.0, ct.one_atm, 'CH4:0.95,O2:2,N2:7.52'
>>> g.equilibrate('HP')
>>> rf = g.forward_rates_of_progress
>>> rr = g.reverse_rates_of_progress
>>> for i in range(g.n_reactions):
>>> if g.is_reversible(i) and rf[i] != 0.0:
>>> print(' %4i %10.4g ' % (i, (rf[i] - rr[i])/rf[i]))
If the magnitudes of the numbers in this list are all very small, then each
reversible reaction is very nearly equilibrated, which only occurs if the gas
is in chemical equilibrium.
You might be wondering how ``equilibrate`` works. (Then again, you might not).
Method ``equilibrate`` invokes Cantera's chemical equilibrium solver, which uses
an element potential method. The element potential method is one of a class of
equivalent *nonstoichiometric* methods that all have the characteristic that
the problem reduces to solving a set of M nonlinear algebraic equations, where
M is the number of elements (not species). The so-called *stoichiometric*
methods, on the other hand, (including Gibbs minimization), require solving K
nonlinear equations, where K is the number of species (usually K >> M). See
Smith and Missen, "Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis" for more
information on the various algorithms and their characteristics.
Cantera uses a damped Newton method to solve these equations, and does a few
other things to generate a good starting guess and to produce a reasonably
robust algorithm. If you want to know more about the details, look at the on-
line documented source code of Cantera C++ class 'ChemEquil.h'.
Chemical Kinetics
-----------------
`Solution` objects are also `Kinetics` objects, and provide all of the methods
necessary to compute the thermodynamic quantities associated with each reaction,
reaction rates, and species creation and destruction rates. They also provide
methods to inspect the quantities that define each reaction such as the rate
constants and the stoichiometric coefficients. The rate calculation functions
are used extensively within Cantera's :ref:`reactor network model
` and :ref:`1D flame model `.
Information about individual reactions that is independent of the thermodynamic
state can be obtained by accessing `Reaction` objects with the
`Kinetics.reaction` method::
>>> g = ct.Solution('gri30.cti')
>>> r = g.reaction(2) # get a Reaction object
>>> r
H + OH>
>>> r.reactants
{'H2': 1.0, 'O': 1.0}
>>> r.products
{'H': 1.0, 'OH': 1.0}
>>> r.rate
Arrhenius(A=38.7, b=2.7, E=2.61918e+07)
If we are interested in only certain types of reactions, we can use this
information to filter the full list of reactions to find the just the ones of
interest. For example, here we find the indices of just those reactions which
convert `CO` into `CO2`::
>>> II = [i for i,r in enumerate(g.reactions())
if 'CO' in r.reactants and 'CO2' in r.products]
>>> for i in II:
... print(g.reaction(i).equation)
CO + O (+M) <=> CO2 (+M)
CO + O2 <=> CO2 + O
CO + OH <=> CO2 + H
CO + HO2 <=> CO2 + OH
(Actually, we should also include reactions where the reaction is written such
that ``CO2`` is a reactant and ``CO`` is a product, but for this example, we'll
just stick to this smaller set of reactions.) Now, let's set the composition to
an interesting equilibrium state::
>>> g.TPX = 300, 101325, {'CH4':0.6, 'O2':1.0, 'N2':3.76}
>>> g.equilibrate('HP')
We can verify that this is an equilibrium state by seeing that the net reaction
rates are essentially zero::
>>> g.net_rates_of_progress[II]
array([ 4.06576e-20, -5.50571e-21, 0.00000e+00, -4.91279e-20])
Now, let's see what happens if we decrease the temperature of the mixture::
>>> g.TP = g.T-100, None
>>> g.net_rates_of_progress[II]
array([ 3.18645e-05, 5.00490e-08, 1.05965e-01, 2.89503e-06])
All of the reaction rates are positive, favoring the formation of ``CO2`` from
``CO``, with the third reaction, ``CO + OH <=> CO2 + H`` proceeding the fastest.
If we look at the enthalpy change associated with each of these reactions::
>>> g.delta_enthalpy[II]
array([ -5.33035e+08, -2.23249e+07, -8.76650e+07, -2.49170e+08])
we see that the change is negative in each case, indicating a net release of
thermal energy. The total heat release rate can be computed either from the
reaction rates::
>>> np.dot(g.net_rates_of_progress, g.delta_enthalpy)
-58013370.720881931
or from the species production rates::
>>> np.dot(g.net_production_rates, g.partial_molar_enthalpies)
-58013370.720881805
The contribution from just the selected reactions is:
>>> np.dot(g.net_rates_of_progress[II], g.delta_enthalpy[II])
-9307123.2625651453
Or about 16% of the total heat release rate.